作为对温度等相关环境条件要求较高的温水性鱼类,全球气候变化引起栖息水域环境的改变可能会对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)自然资源的分布产生影响。研究基于黄颡鱼物种分布信息、WorldClim气候数据(BCC-CSM1-1、CCSM4和MRI-CGCM3...作为对温度等相关环境条件要求较高的温水性鱼类,全球气候变化引起栖息水域环境的改变可能会对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)自然资源的分布产生影响。研究基于黄颡鱼物种分布信息、WorldClim气候数据(BCC-CSM1-1、CCSM4和MRI-CGCM3气候变化模型以及RCP2.6和RCP8.5温室气体排放情景)与集成学习算法随机森林(Random forest)对黄颡鱼当前、2050s和2070s潜在栖息地进行预测。所研究结果表明:(1)预测模型的Area Under the Curve(AUC)高达0.971,指示模型的泛化能力较好,结果可靠性较高;(2)结点纯度(Node purity)评判表明平均温度日较差和最暖季度降水量是预测黄颡鱼潜在分布的最重要环境因子;(3)在未来气候变化条件下,黄颡鱼的栖息地中心逐渐脱离我国的东部和中部等地并北移,且其高适生区面积逐渐减少。就黄颡鱼潜在栖息地以及影响其分布的主要生态条件进行相关研究,对于黄颡鱼种质资源保护区的划分、渔业管理和潜在的生物入侵防控具有现实意义,并可为东亚地区其他淡水鱼类应对气候变化的响应提供参考依据。展开更多
In this study, the application of artificial intelligence to monthly and seasonal rainfall forecasting in Queensland, Australia, was assessed by inputting recognized climate indices, monthly historical rainfall data, ...In this study, the application of artificial intelligence to monthly and seasonal rainfall forecasting in Queensland, Australia, was assessed by inputting recognized climate indices, monthly historical rainfall data, and atmospheric temperatures into a prototype stand-alone, dynamic, recurrent, time-delay, artificial neural network. Outputs, as monthly rainfall forecasts 3 months in advance for the period 1993 to 2009, were compared with observed rainfall data using time-series plots, root mean squared error （RMSE）, and Pearson correlation coefficients. A comparison of RMSE values with forecasts generated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology＇s Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia （POAMA）-I.5 general circulation model （GCM） indicated that the prototype achieved a lower RMSE for 16 of the 17 sites compared. The application of artificial neural networks to rainfall forecasting was reviewed. The prototype design is considered preliminary, with potential for significant improvement such as inclusion of output from GCMs and experimentation with other input attributes.展开更多
In an earlier study, the Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Program (AMIP) simulations of African climate using the nine-layer gridpoint atmospheric general circulation model were found to be closely related to the ob...In an earlier study, the Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Program (AMIP) simulations of African climate using the nine-layer gridpoint atmospheric general circulation model were found to be closely related to the observed European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) temperature data at 500 and 850 hPa. This paper presents the analysis of the simulation of African climate using the Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (IAP/LASG GOALS) and the nine-layer spectral general circulation model rhomboidally truncated at zonal wave number 15 (L9R15) developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Both model simulations were not significantly different from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis monthly mean data for 1980-1995 in the case of surface air temperature, sea level pressure and precipitation, with the GOALS reproducing the seasonal mean climate over Africa better. The implications of the encouraging results in developing a local area model for Nigeria have been discussed. The great role of topography in the developing of general circulation models for numerical modelling of weather and climate has been stressed.展开更多
Climate change and human activities are increasingly linked with the extinction of species globally. In semi-arid regions, these pressures threaten the natural distribution and ecology of species. The threat that the ...Climate change and human activities are increasingly linked with the extinction of species globally. In semi-arid regions, these pressures threaten the natural distribution and ecology of species. The threat that the shea butter tree (<em>Vitellaria paradoxa</em> subsp. <em>nilotica</em>) faces from human activity is well researched yet the sensitivity of its distribution to climate change remains barely known. We set out to assess the potential distribution of <em>Vitellaria</em> under different climate change scenarios using a MaxEnt. A current distribution model was first developed using only biophysical variables of soil type, temperature, precipitation, land use type, and elevation. This model was then projected onto two global warming scenarios (RCP 4.5 & RCP 8.5) for 2050 and 2070 using multi-model averages (BCC-CSM, CSM4, and MIROC5) derived from three general circulation models. Reductions are seen in distribution area across the landscape with soil type being the most important variable. These results draw useful implications for conservation of <em>Vitellaria</em> in that they show how it is vulnerable is to a changing climate as its natural range is mostly reduced. Since climate change is important in the distribution of the shea butter tree, the areas with highest suitability in this study can be used in establishing the Shea butter tree sustainable use zones/area within the Kidepo Critical Landscape (KCL), Uganda.展开更多
借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Ana...借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Analysis Tool)建立了气候-陆面单向连接系统。将未来气候情景(日降水量、最高和最低气温情景),输入到SWAT模型模拟径流,重点预测评估黄河源区未来不同时期的径流变化情况,并分析讨论气候变化情景下径流深的空间分布及响应。其结果表明,SWAT模型可以较好地模拟黄河源区的流量过程,未来气候变化对黄河源区径流量变化影响很大,而且不同的降尺度情景对模拟结果会产生不同的影响。统计降尺度(SDS)情景模拟表明,黄河源区未来径流量的减少趋势不可避免,未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)将分别减少88.61m3/(s24.15%)、116.64m3/(s31.79%)和151.62m3/(s41.33%),而Delta情景下研究区年平均流量变化相对较小,与基准期相比未来2020s和2050s分别减少63.69m3/s(17.36%)和1.73m3/s(0.47%),而2080s将增加46.93m3/(s12.79%)。展开更多
Three phrases of the quantitative study of climate-vegetation classification and their characteristics are presented based on the review of advance in climate-vegetation interaction, a key issue of 'global change ...Three phrases of the quantitative study of climate-vegetation classification and their characteristics are presented based on the review of advance in climate-vegetation interaction, a key issue of 'global change and terrestrial ecosystems (GCTE)' which is the core project of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP): (i) characterized by the correlation between natural vegetation types and climate; (? characterized by climatic indices which have obviously been restricted to plant ecophysiology; (iii) characterized by coupling both structure and function of vegetation. Thus, the prospective of climate-vegetation classification for global change study in China was proposed, especially the study coupling climate-vegetation classification models with atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) was emphasized.展开更多
The January and July climate of 9000 years before present was simulated through a set of perpetual experimentsby means of the newly designed 9 Level Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) in the institute of Atm...The January and July climate of 9000 years before present was simulated through a set of perpetual experimentsby means of the newly designed 9 Level Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) in the institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP). The results were analysed and compared with previous results simulated by the IAP 2Level AGCM. There exists good agreement between them. It is found that the temperature is higher in July and lower inJanuary in 9000 yBP than that at present. The temperature difference is more obvious in the Northern Hemispherethan in the Southern Hemisphere and greater in July than in January. These results prove the potential abilities of theg-L AGCM in the climate simulation and climate prediction.展开更多
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Aca...The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.展开更多
Due to the close relationship between regional climate anomalies and social-economy and society development,climatologists worldwide paid great attention to the regional climate anomalies over a long period of time an...Due to the close relationship between regional climate anomalies and social-economy and society development,climatologists worldwide paid great attention to the regional climate anomalies over a long period of time and the corresponding investigation of regional climate modeling has made great progresses.Since 1990 the regional climate simulations have made a more substantial achievement.This paper will focus on the reliability and uncertainties of regional climate modeling by global climate models,the advances on regional climate modeling in the world and the outlook of regional climate modeling.展开更多
Seasonal changes exhibit climate changes, so models can predict future climate change accurately only if they can reproduce seasonal cycle accu-rately. Further, seasonal changes are much larger than the changes even i...Seasonal changes exhibit climate changes, so models can predict future climate change accurately only if they can reproduce seasonal cycle accu-rately. Further, seasonal changes are much larger than the changes even in long period of centuries. Thus it is unwise to ignore large ones compared to small climate change. In this paper, we determine how accurately a suite of ten coupled general circulation models reproduce the observed seasonal cycle in rainfall of the tropics. The seasonal cycles in rainfall of global tropics are known as monsoons. We found that the models can reasonably reproduce the seasonal cycle in rainfall, thus are useful in climate prediction and simulation of global monsoons.展开更多
Impacts of human activities on climate change as simulated by the general circulation models (GCMs)in China for the recent ten years have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.The researches show that it might be...Impacts of human activities on climate change as simulated by the general circulation models (GCMs)in China for the recent ten years have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.The researches show that it might be getting warmer over China due to the greenhouse effects.The atmospheric circulation and precipitation also might be changed due to the greenhouse effects.The assessments and evaluations of the models over the globe and China have also been presented in this paper.展开更多
文摘作为对温度等相关环境条件要求较高的温水性鱼类,全球气候变化引起栖息水域环境的改变可能会对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)自然资源的分布产生影响。研究基于黄颡鱼物种分布信息、WorldClim气候数据(BCC-CSM1-1、CCSM4和MRI-CGCM3气候变化模型以及RCP2.6和RCP8.5温室气体排放情景)与集成学习算法随机森林(Random forest)对黄颡鱼当前、2050s和2070s潜在栖息地进行预测。所研究结果表明:(1)预测模型的Area Under the Curve(AUC)高达0.971,指示模型的泛化能力较好,结果可靠性较高;(2)结点纯度(Node purity)评判表明平均温度日较差和最暖季度降水量是预测黄颡鱼潜在分布的最重要环境因子;(3)在未来气候变化条件下,黄颡鱼的栖息地中心逐渐脱离我国的东部和中部等地并北移,且其高适生区面积逐渐减少。就黄颡鱼潜在栖息地以及影响其分布的主要生态条件进行相关研究,对于黄颡鱼种质资源保护区的划分、渔业管理和潜在的生物入侵防控具有现实意义,并可为东亚地区其他淡水鱼类应对气候变化的响应提供参考依据。
文摘In this study, the application of artificial intelligence to monthly and seasonal rainfall forecasting in Queensland, Australia, was assessed by inputting recognized climate indices, monthly historical rainfall data, and atmospheric temperatures into a prototype stand-alone, dynamic, recurrent, time-delay, artificial neural network. Outputs, as monthly rainfall forecasts 3 months in advance for the period 1993 to 2009, were compared with observed rainfall data using time-series plots, root mean squared error （RMSE）, and Pearson correlation coefficients. A comparison of RMSE values with forecasts generated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology＇s Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia （POAMA）-I.5 general circulation model （GCM） indicated that the prototype achieved a lower RMSE for 16 of the 17 sites compared. The application of artificial neural networks to rainfall forecasting was reviewed. The prototype design is considered preliminary, with potential for significant improvement such as inclusion of output from GCMs and experimentation with other input attributes.
文摘In an earlier study, the Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Program (AMIP) simulations of African climate using the nine-layer gridpoint atmospheric general circulation model were found to be closely related to the observed European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) temperature data at 500 and 850 hPa. This paper presents the analysis of the simulation of African climate using the Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (IAP/LASG GOALS) and the nine-layer spectral general circulation model rhomboidally truncated at zonal wave number 15 (L9R15) developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Both model simulations were not significantly different from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis monthly mean data for 1980-1995 in the case of surface air temperature, sea level pressure and precipitation, with the GOALS reproducing the seasonal mean climate over Africa better. The implications of the encouraging results in developing a local area model for Nigeria have been discussed. The great role of topography in the developing of general circulation models for numerical modelling of weather and climate has been stressed.
文摘Climate change and human activities are increasingly linked with the extinction of species globally. In semi-arid regions, these pressures threaten the natural distribution and ecology of species. The threat that the shea butter tree (<em>Vitellaria paradoxa</em> subsp. <em>nilotica</em>) faces from human activity is well researched yet the sensitivity of its distribution to climate change remains barely known. We set out to assess the potential distribution of <em>Vitellaria</em> under different climate change scenarios using a MaxEnt. A current distribution model was first developed using only biophysical variables of soil type, temperature, precipitation, land use type, and elevation. This model was then projected onto two global warming scenarios (RCP 4.5 & RCP 8.5) for 2050 and 2070 using multi-model averages (BCC-CSM, CSM4, and MIROC5) derived from three general circulation models. Reductions are seen in distribution area across the landscape with soil type being the most important variable. These results draw useful implications for conservation of <em>Vitellaria</em> in that they show how it is vulnerable is to a changing climate as its natural range is mostly reduced. Since climate change is important in the distribution of the shea butter tree, the areas with highest suitability in this study can be used in establishing the Shea butter tree sustainable use zones/area within the Kidepo Critical Landscape (KCL), Uganda.
文摘借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Analysis Tool)建立了气候-陆面单向连接系统。将未来气候情景(日降水量、最高和最低气温情景),输入到SWAT模型模拟径流,重点预测评估黄河源区未来不同时期的径流变化情况,并分析讨论气候变化情景下径流深的空间分布及响应。其结果表明,SWAT模型可以较好地模拟黄河源区的流量过程,未来气候变化对黄河源区径流量变化影响很大,而且不同的降尺度情景对模拟结果会产生不同的影响。统计降尺度(SDS)情景模拟表明,黄河源区未来径流量的减少趋势不可避免,未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)将分别减少88.61m3/(s24.15%)、116.64m3/(s31.79%)和151.62m3/(s41.33%),而Delta情景下研究区年平均流量变化相对较小,与基准期相比未来2020s和2050s分别减少63.69m3/s(17.36%)和1.73m3/s(0.47%),而2080s将增加46.93m3/(s12.79%)。
文摘Three phrases of the quantitative study of climate-vegetation classification and their characteristics are presented based on the review of advance in climate-vegetation interaction, a key issue of 'global change and terrestrial ecosystems (GCTE)' which is the core project of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP): (i) characterized by the correlation between natural vegetation types and climate; (? characterized by climatic indices which have obviously been restricted to plant ecophysiology; (iii) characterized by coupling both structure and function of vegetation. Thus, the prospective of climate-vegetation classification for global change study in China was proposed, especially the study coupling climate-vegetation classification models with atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) was emphasized.
文摘The January and July climate of 9000 years before present was simulated through a set of perpetual experimentsby means of the newly designed 9 Level Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) in the institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP). The results were analysed and compared with previous results simulated by the IAP 2Level AGCM. There exists good agreement between them. It is found that the temperature is higher in July and lower inJanuary in 9000 yBP than that at present. The temperature difference is more obvious in the Northern Hemispherethan in the Southern Hemisphere and greater in July than in January. These results prove the potential abilities of theg-L AGCM in the climate simulation and climate prediction.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0200801,2017YFA0604300,and 2018YFC1507003)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20100300)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2017Y004)
文摘The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.
文摘Due to the close relationship between regional climate anomalies and social-economy and society development,climatologists worldwide paid great attention to the regional climate anomalies over a long period of time and the corresponding investigation of regional climate modeling has made great progresses.Since 1990 the regional climate simulations have made a more substantial achievement.This paper will focus on the reliability and uncertainties of regional climate modeling by global climate models,the advances on regional climate modeling in the world and the outlook of regional climate modeling.
文摘Seasonal changes exhibit climate changes, so models can predict future climate change accurately only if they can reproduce seasonal cycle accu-rately. Further, seasonal changes are much larger than the changes even in long period of centuries. Thus it is unwise to ignore large ones compared to small climate change. In this paper, we determine how accurately a suite of ten coupled general circulation models reproduce the observed seasonal cycle in rainfall of the tropics. The seasonal cycles in rainfall of global tropics are known as monsoons. We found that the models can reasonably reproduce the seasonal cycle in rainfall, thus are useful in climate prediction and simulation of global monsoons.
基金National Key Project 96-908-02 and KZ981-B1-108 of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Impacts of human activities on climate change as simulated by the general circulation models (GCMs)in China for the recent ten years have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.The researches show that it might be getting warmer over China due to the greenhouse effects.The atmospheric circulation and precipitation also might be changed due to the greenhouse effects.The assessments and evaluations of the models over the globe and China have also been presented in this paper.
