Bleeding from esophageal varices is a life threatening complication of portal hypertension.Primary prevention of bleeding in patients at risk for a first bleeding episode is therefore a major goal.Medical prophylaxis ...Bleeding from esophageal varices is a life threatening complication of portal hypertension.Primary prevention of bleeding in patients at risk for a first bleeding episode is therefore a major goal.Medical prophylaxis consists of non-selective beta-blockers like propranolol or carvedilol.Variceal endoscopic band ligation is equally effective but procedure related morbidity is a drawback of the method.Therapy of acute bleeding is based on three strategies:vasopressor drugs like terlipressin,antibiotics and endoscopic therapy.In refractory bleeding,self-expandable stents offer an option for bridging to definite treatments like transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS).Treatment of bleeding from gastric varices depends on vasopressor drugs and on injection of varices with cyanoacrylate.Strategies for primary or secondary prevention are based on non-selective beta-blockers but data from large clinical trials is lacking.Therapy of refractory bleeding relies on shuntprocedures like TIPS.Bleeding from ectopic varices,portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia-syndrome is less common.Possible medical and endoscopic treatment options are discussed.展开更多
AIM:To compare the efficacy of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization(PTVE)with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate(2-OCA)and endoscopic variceal obturation(EVO)with an injection of 2-OCA for prophylaxis of gastri...AIM:To compare the efficacy of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization(PTVE)with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate(2-OCA)and endoscopic variceal obturation(EVO)with an injection of 2-OCA for prophylaxis of gastric variceal rebleeding. METHODS:In this retrospective study,the medical records of liver cirrhosis patients with gastric variceal bleeding who underwent either endoscopic 2-OCA(EVO) or modified PTVE using 2-OCA at Shandong Provincial Hospital from January 2006 to December 2008 were reviewed.Patient demographics,rebleeding rate,survival rate,and complications were compared between the two groups(PTVE and EVO).All results were expressed as mean±SD,or as a percentage.Quantitative variables were compared by two sample Student t tests, and qualitative variables were compared by the Fisher exact test or theχ 2 test(with Yates correction)where appropriate.A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Statistical computation was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS:A total of 77 patients were included;45 patients who underwent EVO and 32 patients who received PTVE.During the follow-up(19.78±7.70 mo in the EVO group,vs 21.53±8.56 mo in the PTVE group) rebleeding occurred in 17 patients in the EVO group and in 4 patients in the PTVE group(37.78%vs 12.5%, P=0.028).The cumulative rebleeding-free rate was 75%,59%,and 49%in 1,2,and 3 years respectively for EVO,and 93%,84%,and 84%for PTVE(P=0.011). Cox analysis was used to identify independent factors that predicted rebleeding after treatment.Variables including age,gender,cause,Child-Pugh classification, size of gastric varices(GV),location of GV,and treatment methods were analyzed.It was revealed that Child-Pugh classification[risk ratio(RR)2.10,95%CI:1.03-4.28,P=0.040],choice of treatment(RR 0.25, 95%CI:0.08-0.80,P=0.019),and size of GV(RR 2.14, 95%CI:1.07-4.28,P=0.032)were the independent factors for predicting rebleeding.Follow-up computed tomography revealed that cyanoacrylate was retained in the varices and in the feeding veins of PTVE patien展开更多
目的:探讨内镜下序贯治疗对肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)二级预防的影响。方法:共收集资料完整、明确诊断为肝硬化合并EVB且行内镜下治疗73例,其中序贯治疗组(套扎序贯硬化剂+组织粘合剂注射)35例,非序贯治疗组38例,随访1...目的:探讨内镜下序贯治疗对肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)二级预防的影响。方法:共收集资料完整、明确诊断为肝硬化合并EVB且行内镜下治疗73例,其中序贯治疗组(套扎序贯硬化剂+组织粘合剂注射)35例,非序贯治疗组38例,随访1年以上并进行回顾性分析。详细记录所有病例的相关并发症、5d治疗失败率、6周死亡率、1年再出血率以及治疗前后内镜下情况(包括GOV程度、红色征、最大曲张静脉直径差等)。结果:(1)序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组:食管狭窄、难治性腹水、异位栓塞、感染、门静脉血栓、肝癌发生例数(2,9,12,1,1,1 vs 1,7,0,0,1,2);(2)序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组:5d治疗失败例、6周死亡率、1年再出血率(7,0,22.86%vs 5,5.27%,63.16%)。序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组相比,除1年再出血率有统计学差异(P<0.05)外,其余均无明显差异(均P>0.05)。对于不同病因引起肝硬化合并EVB者,病毒性肝炎组与其他各组(酒精性肝硬化组、血吸虫肝硬化等)比较均有明显差异(均P<0.05),但酒精性肝硬化组与其他组相比未见明显差异(均P>0.05)。结论:内镜下序贯治疗EVB后1年再出血率均较低,具有较好的临床应用价值。展开更多
文摘Bleeding from esophageal varices is a life threatening complication of portal hypertension.Primary prevention of bleeding in patients at risk for a first bleeding episode is therefore a major goal.Medical prophylaxis consists of non-selective beta-blockers like propranolol or carvedilol.Variceal endoscopic band ligation is equally effective but procedure related morbidity is a drawback of the method.Therapy of acute bleeding is based on three strategies:vasopressor drugs like terlipressin,antibiotics and endoscopic therapy.In refractory bleeding,self-expandable stents offer an option for bridging to definite treatments like transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS).Treatment of bleeding from gastric varices depends on vasopressor drugs and on injection of varices with cyanoacrylate.Strategies for primary or secondary prevention are based on non-selective beta-blockers but data from large clinical trials is lacking.Therapy of refractory bleeding relies on shuntprocedures like TIPS.Bleeding from ectopic varices,portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia-syndrome is less common.Possible medical and endoscopic treatment options are discussed.
文摘AIM:To compare the efficacy of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization(PTVE)with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate(2-OCA)and endoscopic variceal obturation(EVO)with an injection of 2-OCA for prophylaxis of gastric variceal rebleeding. METHODS:In this retrospective study,the medical records of liver cirrhosis patients with gastric variceal bleeding who underwent either endoscopic 2-OCA(EVO) or modified PTVE using 2-OCA at Shandong Provincial Hospital from January 2006 to December 2008 were reviewed.Patient demographics,rebleeding rate,survival rate,and complications were compared between the two groups(PTVE and EVO).All results were expressed as mean±SD,or as a percentage.Quantitative variables were compared by two sample Student t tests, and qualitative variables were compared by the Fisher exact test or theχ 2 test(with Yates correction)where appropriate.A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Statistical computation was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS:A total of 77 patients were included;45 patients who underwent EVO and 32 patients who received PTVE.During the follow-up(19.78±7.70 mo in the EVO group,vs 21.53±8.56 mo in the PTVE group) rebleeding occurred in 17 patients in the EVO group and in 4 patients in the PTVE group(37.78%vs 12.5%, P=0.028).The cumulative rebleeding-free rate was 75%,59%,and 49%in 1,2,and 3 years respectively for EVO,and 93%,84%,and 84%for PTVE(P=0.011). Cox analysis was used to identify independent factors that predicted rebleeding after treatment.Variables including age,gender,cause,Child-Pugh classification, size of gastric varices(GV),location of GV,and treatment methods were analyzed.It was revealed that Child-Pugh classification[risk ratio(RR)2.10,95%CI:1.03-4.28,P=0.040],choice of treatment(RR 0.25, 95%CI:0.08-0.80,P=0.019),and size of GV(RR 2.14, 95%CI:1.07-4.28,P=0.032)were the independent factors for predicting rebleeding.Follow-up computed tomography revealed that cyanoacrylate was retained in the varices and in the feeding veins of PTVE patien
文摘目的:探讨内镜下序贯治疗对肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)二级预防的影响。方法:共收集资料完整、明确诊断为肝硬化合并EVB且行内镜下治疗73例,其中序贯治疗组(套扎序贯硬化剂+组织粘合剂注射)35例,非序贯治疗组38例,随访1年以上并进行回顾性分析。详细记录所有病例的相关并发症、5d治疗失败率、6周死亡率、1年再出血率以及治疗前后内镜下情况(包括GOV程度、红色征、最大曲张静脉直径差等)。结果:(1)序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组:食管狭窄、难治性腹水、异位栓塞、感染、门静脉血栓、肝癌发生例数(2,9,12,1,1,1 vs 1,7,0,0,1,2);(2)序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组:5d治疗失败例、6周死亡率、1年再出血率(7,0,22.86%vs 5,5.27%,63.16%)。序贯治疗组与非序贯治疗组相比,除1年再出血率有统计学差异(P<0.05)外,其余均无明显差异(均P>0.05)。对于不同病因引起肝硬化合并EVB者,病毒性肝炎组与其他各组(酒精性肝硬化组、血吸虫肝硬化等)比较均有明显差异(均P<0.05),但酒精性肝硬化组与其他组相比未见明显差异(均P>0.05)。结论:内镜下序贯治疗EVB后1年再出血率均较低,具有较好的临床应用价值。
