The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matt...The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter.展开更多
According to recent measurements the tendency of the chemical composition above the ankle is characterized by increasing fractions of intermediate and heavy nuclei and a dominance of light nuclei around the ankle. Cal...According to recent measurements the tendency of the chemical composition above the ankle is characterized by increasing fractions of intermediate and heavy nuclei and a dominance of light nuclei around the ankle. Calculation of the chemical composition in the range 3.5 × 1018 - 5 × 1019 eV according to new principles explains both the rising tendency of the heavy component. The calculation is prolonged to the adjacent interval 5 × 1019- 2.4 × 1021 eV using the same theoretical background and some features of the observed cosmic-ray spectrum. It results that above the energy of 6.7 × 1020 eV, where the flux is estimated to be 1.8 × 10?30 particles/m2 s sr GeV, the cosmic radiation consists only of nuclei heavier than Zinc. Measurements of the spectrum of present and past experiments are compared with the calculations.展开更多
Based on the space spherical symmetry of 3-dimensional and the translational symmetry of time and the uncertainty principle, a 4-dimensional space-time cylinder model of quarks and leptons is established. With this mo...Based on the space spherical symmetry of 3-dimensional and the translational symmetry of time and the uncertainty principle, a 4-dimensional space-time cylinder model of quarks and leptons is established. With this model, equations of the special relativity can be extended more perfectly, thereby achieving a unity of the special relativity and quantum mechanics in deeper level. New equations can not only interpret issues explained by old equations but also solve several important pending problems. For example, a formula to strictly calculate the coefficient ξ of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is derived, to above 4 × 1019 eV UHECR protons the calculated |ξ| -30, although there is the LIV effect it is too weak to change the GZK cutoff, which is consistent with observations of HiRes and Auger;Also, a relation formula between the Hubble constant and several basic constants is derived, thus theoretically calculated H0 = 70.937 km·s-1·Mpc-1, which is well consistent with the final observation result of HST Key Project. In addition, an unusual effect predicted by new equations can be experimentally tested in the electron storage ring;a preliminary experiment result has hinted its signs of existence.展开更多
A major feature of the energy spectrum of the cosmic radiation above 1019 eV is the increasing fraction of heavy nuclei with respect to light nuclei. This fact, along with other simple assumptions, is adopted to calcu...A major feature of the energy spectrum of the cosmic radiation above 1019 eV is the increasing fraction of heavy nuclei with respect to light nuclei. This fact, along with other simple assumptions, is adopted to calculate the energy spectrum of the cosmic radiation up to 2.4 × 1021 eV. The predicted spectrum maintains the index of 2.67 observed at lower energies which is the basic, known, empirical well-assessed feature of the physical mechanism accelerating cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Indeed above 1019 eV the injection of nuclei is inhibited by some filter and this inhibition causes a staircase profile of the energy spectrum. It is argued that particle injection failure versus energy commences with protons, followed by Helium and then by other heavier nuclei up to Uranium. Around 7.5 × 1020 the cosmic radiation consists solely of nuclei heavier than Copper and the estimated intensity is 1.8 × 10-30 particles/GeV s sr m2.展开更多
Kinematics in Finsler space is used to study the propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays particles through the cosmic microwave background radiation. We find that the GZK threshold is lifted dramatically in Rande...Kinematics in Finsler space is used to study the propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays particles through the cosmic microwave background radiation. We find that the GZK threshold is lifted dramatically in Randers-Finsler space. A tiny deformation of spacetime from Minkowskian to Finslerian allows more ultra-high energy cosmic rays particles to arrive at the earth. It is suggested that the lower bound of particle mass is related with the negative second invariant speed in Randers-Finsler space.展开更多
The observations of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays （UHECR） are renewed, focusing on the energy spectra as measured by HiRes, Telescope Array （TA） and Auger detectors （PAO）. It is found that highest energy Auger s...The observations of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays （UHECR） are renewed, focusing on the energy spectra as measured by HiRes, Telescope Array （TA） and Auger detectors （PAO）. It is found that highest energy Auger steepening does not agree with GZK cutoff, which is most probably explained by the nuclei mass composition detected by Auger. At present the difference in mass composition in Auger and HiRes/TA data remains the main unsolved problem of UHECR origin.展开更多
This work obtains the disguise version of exact solitary wave solutions of the generalized(2+1)-dimensk>nal Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and the regularized long wave equation with some free parame...This work obtains the disguise version of exact solitary wave solutions of the generalized(2+1)-dimensk>nal Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and the regularized long wave equation with some free parameters via modified simple equation method(MSE).Usually the method does not give any solution if the balance number is more than one,but we apply MSE method successfully in different way to carry out the solutions of nonlinear evolution equation with balance number two.Finally some graphical results of the velocity profiles are presented for different values of the material constants.It is shown that this method,without help of any symbolic computation,provide a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equation.展开更多
文摘The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter.
文摘According to recent measurements the tendency of the chemical composition above the ankle is characterized by increasing fractions of intermediate and heavy nuclei and a dominance of light nuclei around the ankle. Calculation of the chemical composition in the range 3.5 × 1018 - 5 × 1019 eV according to new principles explains both the rising tendency of the heavy component. The calculation is prolonged to the adjacent interval 5 × 1019- 2.4 × 1021 eV using the same theoretical background and some features of the observed cosmic-ray spectrum. It results that above the energy of 6.7 × 1020 eV, where the flux is estimated to be 1.8 × 10?30 particles/m2 s sr GeV, the cosmic radiation consists only of nuclei heavier than Zinc. Measurements of the spectrum of present and past experiments are compared with the calculations.
文摘Based on the space spherical symmetry of 3-dimensional and the translational symmetry of time and the uncertainty principle, a 4-dimensional space-time cylinder model of quarks and leptons is established. With this model, equations of the special relativity can be extended more perfectly, thereby achieving a unity of the special relativity and quantum mechanics in deeper level. New equations can not only interpret issues explained by old equations but also solve several important pending problems. For example, a formula to strictly calculate the coefficient ξ of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is derived, to above 4 × 1019 eV UHECR protons the calculated |ξ| -30, although there is the LIV effect it is too weak to change the GZK cutoff, which is consistent with observations of HiRes and Auger;Also, a relation formula between the Hubble constant and several basic constants is derived, thus theoretically calculated H0 = 70.937 km·s-1·Mpc-1, which is well consistent with the final observation result of HST Key Project. In addition, an unusual effect predicted by new equations can be experimentally tested in the electron storage ring;a preliminary experiment result has hinted its signs of existence.
文摘A major feature of the energy spectrum of the cosmic radiation above 1019 eV is the increasing fraction of heavy nuclei with respect to light nuclei. This fact, along with other simple assumptions, is adopted to calculate the energy spectrum of the cosmic radiation up to 2.4 × 1021 eV. The predicted spectrum maintains the index of 2.67 observed at lower energies which is the basic, known, empirical well-assessed feature of the physical mechanism accelerating cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Indeed above 1019 eV the injection of nuclei is inhibited by some filter and this inhibition causes a staircase profile of the energy spectrum. It is argued that particle injection failure versus energy commences with protons, followed by Helium and then by other heavier nuclei up to Uranium. Around 7.5 × 1020 the cosmic radiation consists solely of nuclei heavier than Copper and the estimated intensity is 1.8 × 10-30 particles/GeV s sr m2.
文摘Kinematics in Finsler space is used to study the propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays particles through the cosmic microwave background radiation. We find that the GZK threshold is lifted dramatically in Randers-Finsler space. A tiny deformation of spacetime from Minkowskian to Finslerian allows more ultra-high energy cosmic rays particles to arrive at the earth. It is suggested that the lower bound of particle mass is related with the negative second invariant speed in Randers-Finsler space.
文摘The observations of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays （UHECR） are renewed, focusing on the energy spectra as measured by HiRes, Telescope Array （TA） and Auger detectors （PAO）. It is found that highest energy Auger steepening does not agree with GZK cutoff, which is most probably explained by the nuclei mass composition detected by Auger. At present the difference in mass composition in Auger and HiRes/TA data remains the main unsolved problem of UHECR origin.
文摘This work obtains the disguise version of exact solitary wave solutions of the generalized(2+1)-dimensk>nal Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and the regularized long wave equation with some free parameters via modified simple equation method(MSE).Usually the method does not give any solution if the balance number is more than one,but we apply MSE method successfully in different way to carry out the solutions of nonlinear evolution equation with balance number two.Finally some graphical results of the velocity profiles are presented for different values of the material constants.It is shown that this method,without help of any symbolic computation,provide a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equation.
