Organic Rankine Cycles(ORCs) are an effective way to produce electricity from low-grade heat sources, which cannot be effectively obtained using conventional high-temperature Rankine cycles. Due to the lack of availab...Organic Rankine Cycles(ORCs) are an effective way to produce electricity from low-grade heat sources, which cannot be effectively obtained using conventional high-temperature Rankine cycles. Due to the lack of available information regarding the real Organic Rankine Cycle units on industrial level, off-design simulation under diversified operating conditions plays a significant role for both the system performance prediction and control strategy design. This paper summarizes the theoretical basis, modeling approaches and tools for ORC off-design simulations. Firstly, a review was conducted on the individual state-of-the-art convective heat transfer correlations and void fraction models. Secondly, different kinds of modeling approaches and simulation tools were proposed, highlighting their relevant characteristics, and were categorized for their specific applications. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of technical challenges related to various applications and focusing on the model accuracy and complexity, computational efficiency, as well as the model compatibility were extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current research trends in this field and the development for further investigations were presented.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) combined with conventional Western Medicine(CWM) on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) base...OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) combined with conventional Western Medicine(CWM) on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) based on high-quality randomized placebocontrolled trials.METHODS:We searched PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,China Science and Technology Journal Database,and Wanfang databases for randomized placebo-controlled trials of CHM treatment for AECOPD from inception to June 4,2021.The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation were used to assess the risk of bias and the evidence quality of the included studies.Revman 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis.RESULTS:A total of 9 trials involving 1591 patients were included.The Meta-analysis showed that based on CWM treatment,CHM group had significant advantages over the placebo group in ameliorating clinical total effective rate [RR = 1.29,95% CI(1.07,1.56),P = 0.007,low quality] and TCM symptom scores [MD =-2.99,95% CI(-4.46,-1.53),P < 0.0001,moderate quality],improving arterial blood gas results [PaO_(2):MD = 4.51,95% CI(1.97,7.04),P = 0.0005,moderate quality;PaCO_(2):MD =-2.87,95% CI(-4.28,-1.46),P < 0.0001,moderate quality],reducing CAT scores [MD =-2.08,95% CI(-2.85,-1.31),P < 0.000 01,moderate quality],length of hospitalization [MD =-1.87,95% CI(-3.33,-0.42),P = 0.01,moderate quality],and acute exacerbation rate [RR = 0.60,95% CI(0.43,0.83),P = 0.002,moderate quality].No serious CHM-related adverse events were reported.CONCLUSIONS:The current evidence indicates that CHM is an effective and well-tolerated adjunct therapy for AECOPD patients receiving CWM.However,considering the high heterogeneity,this conclusion requires confirmation.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China 973 Program(Grant No.2014CB249201)
文摘Organic Rankine Cycles(ORCs) are an effective way to produce electricity from low-grade heat sources, which cannot be effectively obtained using conventional high-temperature Rankine cycles. Due to the lack of available information regarding the real Organic Rankine Cycle units on industrial level, off-design simulation under diversified operating conditions plays a significant role for both the system performance prediction and control strategy design. This paper summarizes the theoretical basis, modeling approaches and tools for ORC off-design simulations. Firstly, a review was conducted on the individual state-of-the-art convective heat transfer correlations and void fraction models. Secondly, different kinds of modeling approaches and simulation tools were proposed, highlighting their relevant characteristics, and were categorized for their specific applications. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of technical challenges related to various applications and focusing on the model accuracy and complexity, computational efficiency, as well as the model compatibility were extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current research trends in this field and the development for further investigations were presented.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science:Research on Key Technology of Outcome Measurement and Evaluation of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment Based on Clinical Trials of COPD (No. 81830116)the Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation “Hundred and Ten Million” Talent ProjectChief Scientist of Qi-Huang Project [(2020) No. 219]the Zhong-yuan Scholars and Scientists Project (No. 2018204)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) combined with conventional Western Medicine(CWM) on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) based on high-quality randomized placebocontrolled trials.METHODS:We searched PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,China Science and Technology Journal Database,and Wanfang databases for randomized placebo-controlled trials of CHM treatment for AECOPD from inception to June 4,2021.The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation were used to assess the risk of bias and the evidence quality of the included studies.Revman 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis.RESULTS:A total of 9 trials involving 1591 patients were included.The Meta-analysis showed that based on CWM treatment,CHM group had significant advantages over the placebo group in ameliorating clinical total effective rate [RR = 1.29,95% CI(1.07,1.56),P = 0.007,low quality] and TCM symptom scores [MD =-2.99,95% CI(-4.46,-1.53),P < 0.0001,moderate quality],improving arterial blood gas results [PaO_(2):MD = 4.51,95% CI(1.97,7.04),P = 0.0005,moderate quality;PaCO_(2):MD =-2.87,95% CI(-4.28,-1.46),P < 0.0001,moderate quality],reducing CAT scores [MD =-2.08,95% CI(-2.85,-1.31),P < 0.000 01,moderate quality],length of hospitalization [MD =-1.87,95% CI(-3.33,-0.42),P = 0.01,moderate quality],and acute exacerbation rate [RR = 0.60,95% CI(0.43,0.83),P = 0.002,moderate quality].No serious CHM-related adverse events were reported.CONCLUSIONS:The current evidence indicates that CHM is an effective and well-tolerated adjunct therapy for AECOPD patients receiving CWM.However,considering the high heterogeneity,this conclusion requires confirmation.
