We used the Integrated Biological Responses version 2(IBRv2)method to evaluate the biological eff ects of heavy metals in the sediments in Laizhou Bay,China on the benthic goby Acanthogobius ommaturus.In December 2018...We used the Integrated Biological Responses version 2(IBRv2)method to evaluate the biological eff ects of heavy metals in the sediments in Laizhou Bay,China on the benthic goby Acanthogobius ommaturus.In December 2018,gobies and sediments were collected from 15 stations.We measured the activities of defense enzymes and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)and metallothionein(MT)in the goby liver as well as the levels of heavy metals in the sediments and goby muscle tissue.Most of the heavy metal concentrations in sediment at each station were below the Class I criteria set by Chinese Standards for Marine Sediment Quality,and the Håkanson ecological risk index suggested low risk for the heavy metals.We found that A.ommaturus could eff ectively accumulate mercury,cadmium,arsenic,and zinc and that the contents of MT and MDA and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were suitable biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in this species.The IBRv2 method integrated these four biomarkers and discriminated stations according to heavy metal pollution.Higher IBRv2 values suggested more adverse eff ects in gobies,corroborating more serious heavy metal contamination.The stations with high IBRv2 values and high contents of heavy metals were mainly distributed in the west and northeast parts of the bay.These results show that the IBRv2 approach is a feasible strategy for assessing heavy metal pollution through biological response and biological status and that it can be implemented for environmental monitoring in Laizhou Bay.展开更多
以海陵岛近岸优势物种舟山缰虾虎鱼(Amoya chusanensis)、纵带鹦虾虎鱼(Exyrias puntang)为研究对象,获取2种虾虎鱼的线粒体COⅠ基因序列45条,控制区(D-loop)序列48条,分析其序列变异情况和遗传特征。结果表明:获得的638 bp COⅠ序列中...以海陵岛近岸优势物种舟山缰虾虎鱼(Amoya chusanensis)、纵带鹦虾虎鱼(Exyrias puntang)为研究对象,获取2种虾虎鱼的线粒体COⅠ基因序列45条,控制区(D-loop)序列48条,分析其序列变异情况和遗传特征。结果表明:获得的638 bp COⅠ序列中,舟山缰虾虎鱼存在变异位点20个,纵带鹦虾虎鱼变异位点占18个。467 bp控制区中,舟山缰虾虎鱼变异位点10个,纵带鹦虾虎鱼占19个。碱基组成上,2种虾虎鱼COⅠ基因和控制区序列均存在A+T含量大于C+G含量现象,且COⅠ基因序列中碱基T偏向密码子第一位。最大似然法估算的COⅠ序列转换颠换R比值为2.89,控制区序列R值为2.66。聚类分析揭示舟山缰虾虎鱼在进化上较原始,更接近祖先物种,而纵带鹦虾虎鱼种群分化较晚。单倍型分析指明2种虾虎鱼单倍型多样性均处在较高水平。中性检验的Fu-Li D分析发现,基于COⅠ基因和控制区序列的舟山缰虾虎鱼的检验结果均显著,不符合中性进化假设,纵带鹦虾虎鱼Fu-Li D test的结果均呈现不显著,符合中性进化假设。舟山缰虾虎鱼种群间可能存在群体扩张或持续增长现象。展开更多
The most striking contrasts that are found on the continents in paleogeographic reconstructions of the end of the Mesozoic era are the occurrence on the place of the disappeared humid subtropics of the largest Gobi De...The most striking contrasts that are found on the continents in paleogeographic reconstructions of the end of the Mesozoic era are the occurrence on the place of the disappeared humid subtropics of the largest Gobi Desert in Eurasia with air temperatures falling below 50°from the freezing point and annual precipitation totals at the level of 100 mm. Science does not know the processes that can lead to a cooling of the atmosphere at 70°and other equally radical changes in nature with a stable position of the blocks of the earth’s crust in space. Changes in the environment of this magnitude can only be the result of land moving northward for a distance equal to about half the radius of the Earth. Titanosaurs, described by the remains in the Gobi deposits, had a body volume, which at modern gravity corresponds to a mass of 10 to 30 ton. However, animals with such a mass and such growth could not exist now. To create the necessary pressure in the vessels and provide energy to the body, Mongolian sauropods would need a heart of 2 - 3 m in diameter. Known types of muscle tissue are unable to maintain an elongated neck and head with a mass of more than a ton. The femur bones of four-legged dinosaurs had strength sufficient to move on land only animals weighing no more than 5 - 7 tons. The bones of giant bipedal dinosaurs at a constant gravitational field would have to be subjected to specific loads, several times greater than the bones of modern elephants, which is excluded. The natural conclusion about the action of a lesser gravity in the Mesozoic provides a solution to the mystery of the truly global spread in that era of bipedal mode of movement as the most energy efficient.展开更多
Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexuall...Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexually selected traits in females. At the same time, the focus has shifted from documenting sexual selection to exploring variation and spatiotemporal dynamics of sexual selection, and their evolutionary consequences. Here, I review insights from a model system with exceptionally dynamic sexual selection, the two-spotted goby fish Gobiusculus flavescens. The species displays a complete reversal of sex roles over a 3-month breeding season. The reversal is driven by a dramatic change in the operational sex ratio, which is heavily male-biased at the start of the season and heavily female-biased late in the season. Early in the season, breeding-ready males outnumber mature females, causing males to be highly competitive, and leading to sexual selection on males. Late in the season, mating-ready females are in excess, engage more in courtship and aggression than males, and rarely reject mating opportunities. With typically many females simultaneously courting available males late in the season, males become selective and prefer more colorful females. This variable sexual selection regime likely explains why both male and female G. flavescens have ornamental colors. The G. flavescens model system reveals that sexual behavior and sexual selection can be astonishingly dynamic in response to short-term fluctuations in mating competition. Future work should explore whether sexual selection is equally dynamic on a spatial scale, and related spatiotemporal dynamics.展开更多
The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been ...The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been fully studied.Here we expanded cytogenetic data for the Eleotridae family,analyzing the neotropical species Dormitator maculatus,Eleotris pisonis,Erotelis smaragdus,and Guavina guavina.In addition,a meta-analytical approach was followed for elucidating the karyotype diversification versus biological aspects(habitat and egg type)of the Gobiiformes.The species E.smaragdus and E.pisonis present 2n=46 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=46),D.maculatus 2n=46(36sm+4st+6a;NF=86),and G.guavina,the most divergent karyotype,with 2n=52 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=52).Besides numeric and structural diversification in the karyotypes,the mapping of rDNAs and microsatellites also showed noticeable numerical and positional variation,supporting the high chromosomal evolutionary dynamism of these species.In Gobiiformes,karyotype patterns which are more divergent from the basal karyotype(2n=46a)are associated with characteristics less effective to dispersion,such as the benthic habit.These adaptive characteristics,connected with the organization of the repetitive DNA content in the chromosomes,likely play a synergistic role in the remarkable karyotype diversification of this group.展开更多
Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic costs in invaded habitats. The round goby Neogobius me- lanostomus is a successful invasive species and a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological functi...Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic costs in invaded habitats. The round goby Neogobius me- lanostomus is a successful invasive species and a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Baltic Sea. It is native to the Ponto-Caspian region and has, via ballast water transport of ships, invaded the Gulf of Gdansk in Poland. Since 1990, it has spread as far north as Raahe in Northern Finland （64~41 ＂04＂N, 24~28＂44＂E）. Over the past decade, consistent indi- vidual differences of behavioral expressions have been shown to explain various ecological processes such as dispersal, survival or reproduction. We have previously shown that new and old populations differ in personality trait expression. Individuals in new populations are bolder, less sociable and more active than in old populations. Here we investigate if the behavioral differentiation can be explained by phenotype-dependent dispersal. This was investigated by measuring activity, boldness and sociability of in- dividually marked gobies, and subsequently allowing them to disperse in a system composed of five consecutive tanks connected by tubes. Individual dispersal tendency and distance was measured. Our results revealed that in newly established populations, more active individuals disperse sooner and that latency of a group to disperse depends on the mean sociability of the group. This indicates the presence of personality dependent dispersal in this species and that it is maintained at the invasion front but lost as the populations get older展开更多
The paper aimed to determine the true identity of a presumed or commonly believed Sinarapan fish and compare their phylogenetic relationships by using DNA barcoding. The fish samples were collected by researchers from...The paper aimed to determine the true identity of a presumed or commonly believed Sinarapan fish and compare their phylogenetic relationships by using DNA barcoding. The fish samples were collected by researchers from a fisheries research and development institution in April 2015 from four different lakes of Bicol Region, i.e., Lakes Buhi, Danao, Manapao and Bato. DNA was extracted using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） extraction buffer. The polymerase chain reaction （PCR） profile for the reaction was 94 ℃ for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94℃, 1 min at 48℃ and 1.5 min at 72℃, and a final extension of 10 min at 72℃. The CO 1 region with approximately 650 bp was amplified because of its capability to differentiate taxa. Sequencing was done by Macrogen while phylogenetic analysis was produced using a Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis （MEGA） software version 6.0. The findings showed that CO1 can be used as a DNA marker in molecular identification of the fish samples. Samples from two of the four lakes were successfully sequenced. From basic local alignment search tool （BLAST） results, the maximum parsimony （MP） and neighbor-joining （N J） trees revealed that samples from Lakes Buhi and Bato are not species of Sinarapan but rather species of Leiopotherapon plumbeus and Rhinogobius giurinus, respectively. Furthermore, DNA barcoding is very useful in proving the true identity of unknown samples.展开更多
The karyotype of Caspian goby was studied, which has been identified as Caspian bighead goby-Neogobius gorlap before. The results of cytogenetic analyses have shown that the diploid set of goby varies from 38 to 40 ch...The karyotype of Caspian goby was studied, which has been identified as Caspian bighead goby-Neogobius gorlap before. The results of cytogenetic analyses have shown that the diploid set of goby varies from 38 to 40 chromosomes, which is different from bighead goby （2n = 43-46）. We assumed that Caspian goby has independence as a species.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFD0900704)the Yantai Key Research and Development Program(No.2019XDHZ097)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076137)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020QD003)the Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes,YICCAS(No.2019SDHADKFJJ16)。
文摘We used the Integrated Biological Responses version 2(IBRv2)method to evaluate the biological eff ects of heavy metals in the sediments in Laizhou Bay,China on the benthic goby Acanthogobius ommaturus.In December 2018,gobies and sediments were collected from 15 stations.We measured the activities of defense enzymes and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)and metallothionein(MT)in the goby liver as well as the levels of heavy metals in the sediments and goby muscle tissue.Most of the heavy metal concentrations in sediment at each station were below the Class I criteria set by Chinese Standards for Marine Sediment Quality,and the Håkanson ecological risk index suggested low risk for the heavy metals.We found that A.ommaturus could eff ectively accumulate mercury,cadmium,arsenic,and zinc and that the contents of MT and MDA and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were suitable biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in this species.The IBRv2 method integrated these four biomarkers and discriminated stations according to heavy metal pollution.Higher IBRv2 values suggested more adverse eff ects in gobies,corroborating more serious heavy metal contamination.The stations with high IBRv2 values and high contents of heavy metals were mainly distributed in the west and northeast parts of the bay.These results show that the IBRv2 approach is a feasible strategy for assessing heavy metal pollution through biological response and biological status and that it can be implemented for environmental monitoring in Laizhou Bay.
文摘以海陵岛近岸优势物种舟山缰虾虎鱼(Amoya chusanensis)、纵带鹦虾虎鱼(Exyrias puntang)为研究对象,获取2种虾虎鱼的线粒体COⅠ基因序列45条,控制区(D-loop)序列48条,分析其序列变异情况和遗传特征。结果表明:获得的638 bp COⅠ序列中,舟山缰虾虎鱼存在变异位点20个,纵带鹦虾虎鱼变异位点占18个。467 bp控制区中,舟山缰虾虎鱼变异位点10个,纵带鹦虾虎鱼占19个。碱基组成上,2种虾虎鱼COⅠ基因和控制区序列均存在A+T含量大于C+G含量现象,且COⅠ基因序列中碱基T偏向密码子第一位。最大似然法估算的COⅠ序列转换颠换R比值为2.89,控制区序列R值为2.66。聚类分析揭示舟山缰虾虎鱼在进化上较原始,更接近祖先物种,而纵带鹦虾虎鱼种群分化较晚。单倍型分析指明2种虾虎鱼单倍型多样性均处在较高水平。中性检验的Fu-Li D分析发现,基于COⅠ基因和控制区序列的舟山缰虾虎鱼的检验结果均显著,不符合中性进化假设,纵带鹦虾虎鱼Fu-Li D test的结果均呈现不显著,符合中性进化假设。舟山缰虾虎鱼种群间可能存在群体扩张或持续增长现象。
文摘The most striking contrasts that are found on the continents in paleogeographic reconstructions of the end of the Mesozoic era are the occurrence on the place of the disappeared humid subtropics of the largest Gobi Desert in Eurasia with air temperatures falling below 50°from the freezing point and annual precipitation totals at the level of 100 mm. Science does not know the processes that can lead to a cooling of the atmosphere at 70°and other equally radical changes in nature with a stable position of the blocks of the earth’s crust in space. Changes in the environment of this magnitude can only be the result of land moving northward for a distance equal to about half the radius of the Earth. Titanosaurs, described by the remains in the Gobi deposits, had a body volume, which at modern gravity corresponds to a mass of 10 to 30 ton. However, animals with such a mass and such growth could not exist now. To create the necessary pressure in the vessels and provide energy to the body, Mongolian sauropods would need a heart of 2 - 3 m in diameter. Known types of muscle tissue are unable to maintain an elongated neck and head with a mass of more than a ton. The femur bones of four-legged dinosaurs had strength sufficient to move on land only animals weighing no more than 5 - 7 tons. The bones of giant bipedal dinosaurs at a constant gravitational field would have to be subjected to specific loads, several times greater than the bones of modern elephants, which is excluded. The natural conclusion about the action of a lesser gravity in the Mesozoic provides a solution to the mystery of the truly global spread in that era of bipedal mode of movement as the most energy efficient.
基金The work on which this review article is based has been funded by grants from the Research Council of Norway [Gram Nos. 133553, 146744, 166596, and 178444], the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nordic Marine Academy, the EU Transnational Access to Research Infrastructures Scheme, the Nordic Council program NORDFORSK, and the National Science Foundation [USA, Grant No. OISE/0701086].
文摘Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexually selected traits in females. At the same time, the focus has shifted from documenting sexual selection to exploring variation and spatiotemporal dynamics of sexual selection, and their evolutionary consequences. Here, I review insights from a model system with exceptionally dynamic sexual selection, the two-spotted goby fish Gobiusculus flavescens. The species displays a complete reversal of sex roles over a 3-month breeding season. The reversal is driven by a dramatic change in the operational sex ratio, which is heavily male-biased at the start of the season and heavily female-biased late in the season. Early in the season, breeding-ready males outnumber mature females, causing males to be highly competitive, and leading to sexual selection on males. Late in the season, mating-ready females are in excess, engage more in courtship and aggression than males, and rarely reject mating opportunities. With typically many females simultaneously courting available males late in the season, males become selective and prefer more colorful females. This variable sexual selection regime likely explains why both male and female G. flavescens have ornamental colors. The G. flavescens model system reveals that sexual behavior and sexual selection can be astonishingly dynamic in response to short-term fluctuations in mating competition. Future work should explore whether sexual selection is equally dynamic on a spatial scale, and related spatiotemporal dynamics.
基金The authors thank to the ICMBio/SISBIO(#19135-4)for the authorization in collecting specimens.We are also grateful to Dr.JoséGarcia Júnior for the taxonomic identification of specimens utilized in the study.This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient.ico e Tecnol.gico(CNPq)[#442664/2015-0,#442626/2019-3].
文摘The order Gobiiformes is made up of more than 2200 species,representing one of the most diverse groups among teleost fishes.The biological causes for the tachytelic karyotype evolution of the gobies have not yet been fully studied.Here we expanded cytogenetic data for the Eleotridae family,analyzing the neotropical species Dormitator maculatus,Eleotris pisonis,Erotelis smaragdus,and Guavina guavina.In addition,a meta-analytical approach was followed for elucidating the karyotype diversification versus biological aspects(habitat and egg type)of the Gobiiformes.The species E.smaragdus and E.pisonis present 2n=46 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=46),D.maculatus 2n=46(36sm+4st+6a;NF=86),and G.guavina,the most divergent karyotype,with 2n=52 acrocentric chromosomes(NF=52).Besides numeric and structural diversification in the karyotypes,the mapping of rDNAs and microsatellites also showed noticeable numerical and positional variation,supporting the high chromosomal evolutionary dynamism of these species.In Gobiiformes,karyotype patterns which are more divergent from the basal karyotype(2n=46a)are associated with characteristics less effective to dispersion,such as the benthic habit.These adaptive characteristics,connected with the organization of the repetitive DNA content in the chromosomes,likely play a synergistic role in the remarkable karyotype diversification of this group.
文摘Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic costs in invaded habitats. The round goby Neogobius me- lanostomus is a successful invasive species and a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Baltic Sea. It is native to the Ponto-Caspian region and has, via ballast water transport of ships, invaded the Gulf of Gdansk in Poland. Since 1990, it has spread as far north as Raahe in Northern Finland （64~41 ＂04＂N, 24~28＂44＂E）. Over the past decade, consistent indi- vidual differences of behavioral expressions have been shown to explain various ecological processes such as dispersal, survival or reproduction. We have previously shown that new and old populations differ in personality trait expression. Individuals in new populations are bolder, less sociable and more active than in old populations. Here we investigate if the behavioral differentiation can be explained by phenotype-dependent dispersal. This was investigated by measuring activity, boldness and sociability of in- dividually marked gobies, and subsequently allowing them to disperse in a system composed of five consecutive tanks connected by tubes. Individual dispersal tendency and distance was measured. Our results revealed that in newly established populations, more active individuals disperse sooner and that latency of a group to disperse depends on the mean sociability of the group. This indicates the presence of personality dependent dispersal in this species and that it is maintained at the invasion front but lost as the populations get older
文摘The paper aimed to determine the true identity of a presumed or commonly believed Sinarapan fish and compare their phylogenetic relationships by using DNA barcoding. The fish samples were collected by researchers from a fisheries research and development institution in April 2015 from four different lakes of Bicol Region, i.e., Lakes Buhi, Danao, Manapao and Bato. DNA was extracted using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） extraction buffer. The polymerase chain reaction （PCR） profile for the reaction was 94 ℃ for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94℃, 1 min at 48℃ and 1.5 min at 72℃, and a final extension of 10 min at 72℃. The CO 1 region with approximately 650 bp was amplified because of its capability to differentiate taxa. Sequencing was done by Macrogen while phylogenetic analysis was produced using a Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis （MEGA） software version 6.0. The findings showed that CO1 can be used as a DNA marker in molecular identification of the fish samples. Samples from two of the four lakes were successfully sequenced. From basic local alignment search tool （BLAST） results, the maximum parsimony （MP） and neighbor-joining （N J） trees revealed that samples from Lakes Buhi and Bato are not species of Sinarapan but rather species of Leiopotherapon plumbeus and Rhinogobius giurinus, respectively. Furthermore, DNA barcoding is very useful in proving the true identity of unknown samples.
文摘The karyotype of Caspian goby was studied, which has been identified as Caspian bighead goby-Neogobius gorlap before. The results of cytogenetic analyses have shown that the diploid set of goby varies from 38 to 40 chromosomes, which is different from bighead goby （2n = 43-46）. We assumed that Caspian goby has independence as a species.
