In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germinat...In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel mutants, gnom-like 2-1 （gnl2-1） and gn12-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the pollen grains failed to germinate in vitro and in vivo. GNL2 encodes a protein homologous to the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GNOM and GNL1 that are involved in endosomal recycling and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicular trafficking. It was prolifically expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes. The results of the present study suggest that GNL2 plays an important role in pollen germination.展开更多
Membrane traffic and organelle integrity in the plant secretory pathway depend on ARF-GTPases, which are activated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors （ARF-GEFs）. While maintenance of conserved roles, evolution o...Membrane traffic and organelle integrity in the plant secretory pathway depend on ARF-GTPases, which are activated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors （ARF-GEFs）. While maintenance of conserved roles, evolution of unique functions as well as tissue-specific roles have been shown for a handful of plant ARF-GEFs, a fundamental yet unanswered question concerns the extent to which their function overlaps during cell growth. To address this, we have characterized pao, a novel allele of GNOM-like 1 （GNL1）, a brefeldin A （BFA）-insensitive ARF-GEF, isolated through a confocal microscopy-based forward genetics screen of the Golgi in Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we have analyzed the dependence of the integrity of trafficking routes and secretory organelles on GNL1 availability during expansion stages of cotyledon epidermal cells, an exquisite model system for vegetative cell growth analyses in intact tissues. We show that Golgi traffic is influenced largely by GNL1 availability at early stages of cotyledon cell expansion but by BFA- sensitive GEFs when cell growth terminates. These data reveal an unanticipated level of complexity in the biology of GNL1 by showing that its cellular roles are correlated with cell growth. These results also indicate that the cell growth stage is an important element weighting into functional analyses of the cellular roles of ARF-GEFs.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30530060)the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China(2007CB108700)the Ministry of Education (111 project numberedB06003)
文摘In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel mutants, gnom-like 2-1 （gnl2-1） and gn12-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the pollen grains failed to germinate in vitro and in vivo. GNL2 encodes a protein homologous to the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GNOM and GNL1 that are involved in endosomal recycling and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicular trafficking. It was prolifically expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes. The results of the present study suggest that GNL2 plays an important role in pollen germination.
基金We acknowledge support by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, US Department of Energy （award number DE-FG02-91ER20021） and National Science Foundation （MCB 0948584） （F.B.）.We thank Eileen Morey for editing the manuscript. We thank Dr Sang Jin Kim, Dr Luciana Renna, and Ya Shiuan Lai for technical assistance. We are grateful to Prof. A. Nebenf0hr （University of Tennessee） for the gift of the ER-YK seeds, Prof. Ikuko Hara-Nishimura for the ermo 1-2 line, and Dr Sandra Rich and Prof. Gerd Jurgens for the GNLIIGNLI-YFP line. W.D. and F.B. designed the research W.D., K.T., and G.S. performed research+1 种基金 W.D. and F.B. analyzed data F.B. wrote the paper. No conflict of interest declared.
文摘Membrane traffic and organelle integrity in the plant secretory pathway depend on ARF-GTPases, which are activated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors （ARF-GEFs）. While maintenance of conserved roles, evolution of unique functions as well as tissue-specific roles have been shown for a handful of plant ARF-GEFs, a fundamental yet unanswered question concerns the extent to which their function overlaps during cell growth. To address this, we have characterized pao, a novel allele of GNOM-like 1 （GNL1）, a brefeldin A （BFA）-insensitive ARF-GEF, isolated through a confocal microscopy-based forward genetics screen of the Golgi in Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we have analyzed the dependence of the integrity of trafficking routes and secretory organelles on GNL1 availability during expansion stages of cotyledon epidermal cells, an exquisite model system for vegetative cell growth analyses in intact tissues. We show that Golgi traffic is influenced largely by GNL1 availability at early stages of cotyledon cell expansion but by BFA- sensitive GEFs when cell growth terminates. These data reveal an unanticipated level of complexity in the biology of GNL1 by showing that its cellular roles are correlated with cell growth. These results also indicate that the cell growth stage is an important element weighting into functional analyses of the cellular roles of ARF-GEFs.
