Based on the basic equations of hydrodynamics, the nonlinear acoustic wave equation is obtained. By taking into account the boundary condition and properties of nonlinear standing wave, the equation is solved through ...Based on the basic equations of hydrodynamics, the nonlinear acoustic wave equation is obtained. By taking into account the boundary condition and properties of nonlinear standing wave, the equation is solved through perturbation method, and the stable expressions of fundamental wave and second harmonic are presented. The sound pressures in an ultrasonic cleaner are measured by hydrophones, and the relationship between the received voltages of hydrophones and the output voltages of the ultrasonic generator is researched. The study shows the existence of the nonlinear effect of liquid and analyzes the frequency spectrum of the received signals by hydrophones, by which the fundamental wave, second and high order harmonics are found coexisting in the bounded space filled with liquids. The theory and experimental results testify the existence of the nonlinear standing wave in liquid. Owing to the restricted applicability of perturbation method, the theoretical results of the fundamental wave and second harmonic are good only for the weak nonlinear phenomenon.展开更多
The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10674090 and 10974127)
文摘Based on the basic equations of hydrodynamics, the nonlinear acoustic wave equation is obtained. By taking into account the boundary condition and properties of nonlinear standing wave, the equation is solved through perturbation method, and the stable expressions of fundamental wave and second harmonic are presented. The sound pressures in an ultrasonic cleaner are measured by hydrophones, and the relationship between the received voltages of hydrophones and the output voltages of the ultrasonic generator is researched. The study shows the existence of the nonlinear effect of liquid and analyzes the frequency spectrum of the received signals by hydrophones, by which the fundamental wave, second and high order harmonics are found coexisting in the bounded space filled with liquids. The theory and experimental results testify the existence of the nonlinear standing wave in liquid. Owing to the restricted applicability of perturbation method, the theoretical results of the fundamental wave and second harmonic are good only for the weak nonlinear phenomenon.
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
