Quantitative estimation of sound transmission attenuation by different middle-ear protecting mechanisms was made with the use of a computer-based CM-cogram analyzing method (FFT of cochlear output in response to white...Quantitative estimation of sound transmission attenuation by different middle-ear protecting mechanisms was made with the use of a computer-based CM-cogram analyzing method (FFT of cochlear output in response to white noise) and other audiometric means. Strong reflex contraction of the middle-ear muscles in guinea pigs may cause a 5- 20 dB transmission attenuation in different frequency ranges. For impulse noise exposure, the presence of an effective reflex at the lashing of every impulse may reduce the post - exposure hearing threshold shift in 15 dB on an average.Increasing tension of the tympanic membrane by applying pressure to the ear- canal is also eflicacious.especially for frequencies below 500 Hz where attenuation of more than 10dB may result at a pressure difference of about 200mm H2O between the two sides of the membrane. Simulated opening of the eustachian tube helps only very insignificantly, with attenuation less than 5 dB. Destruction of the middle-ear structures ( drum perforation, ossicular disruption etc .) and fluid accumulation inside the tympanic cavity may buffer acoustic trauma to the cochlea to different extent depending on the amount of transmission attenuation.展开更多
We present new connections among linear anomalous diffusion (AD), normal diffusion (ND) and the Central Limit Theorem (CLT). This is done by defining a point transformation to a new position variable, which we postula...We present new connections among linear anomalous diffusion (AD), normal diffusion (ND) and the Central Limit Theorem (CLT). This is done by defining a point transformation to a new position variable, which we postulate to be Cartesian, motivated by considerations from super-symmetric quantum mechanics. Canonically quantizing in the new position and momentum variables according to Dirac gives rise to generalized negative semi-definite and self-adjoint Laplacian operators. These lead to new generalized Fourier transformations and associated probability distributions, which are form invariant under the corresponding transform. The new Laplacians also lead us to generalized diffusion equations, which imply a connection to the CLT. We show that the derived diffusion equations capture all of the Fractal and Non-Fractal Anomalous Diffusion equations of O’Shaughnessy and Procaccia. However, we also obtain new equations that cannot (so far as we can tell) be expressed as examples of the O’Shaughnessy and Procaccia equations. The results show, in part, that experimentally measuring the diffusion scaling law can determine the point transformation (for monomial point transformations). We also show that AD in the original, physical position is actually ND when viewed in terms of displacements in an appropriately transformed position variable. We illustrate the ideas both analytically and with a detailed computational example for a non-trivial choice of point transformation. Finally, we summarize our results.展开更多
Elliptical motions of orbital bodies are treated here using Fourier series, Fortescue sequence components and Clarke’s instantaneous space vectors, quantities largely employed on electrical power systems analyses. Us...Elliptical motions of orbital bodies are treated here using Fourier series, Fortescue sequence components and Clarke’s instantaneous space vectors, quantities largely employed on electrical power systems analyses. Using this methodology, which evidences the analogy between orbital systems and autonomous second-order electrical systems, a new theory is presented in this article, in which it is demonstrated that Newton’s gravitational fields can also be treated as a composition of Hook’s elastic type fields, using the superposition principle. In fact, there is an identity between the equations of both laws. Furthermore, an energy analysis is conducted, and new concepts of power are introduced, which can help a better understanding of the physical mechanism of these quantities on both mechanical and electrical systems. The author believes that, as a practical consequence, elastic type gravitational fields can be artificially produced with modern engineering technologies, leading to possible satellites navigation techniques, with less dependency of external sources of energy and, even, new forms of energy sources for general purposes. This reinterpretation of orbital mechanics may also be complementary to conventional study, with implications for other theories such as relativistic, quantum, string theory and others.展开更多
文摘Quantitative estimation of sound transmission attenuation by different middle-ear protecting mechanisms was made with the use of a computer-based CM-cogram analyzing method (FFT of cochlear output in response to white noise) and other audiometric means. Strong reflex contraction of the middle-ear muscles in guinea pigs may cause a 5- 20 dB transmission attenuation in different frequency ranges. For impulse noise exposure, the presence of an effective reflex at the lashing of every impulse may reduce the post - exposure hearing threshold shift in 15 dB on an average.Increasing tension of the tympanic membrane by applying pressure to the ear- canal is also eflicacious.especially for frequencies below 500 Hz where attenuation of more than 10dB may result at a pressure difference of about 200mm H2O between the two sides of the membrane. Simulated opening of the eustachian tube helps only very insignificantly, with attenuation less than 5 dB. Destruction of the middle-ear structures ( drum perforation, ossicular disruption etc .) and fluid accumulation inside the tympanic cavity may buffer acoustic trauma to the cochlea to different extent depending on the amount of transmission attenuation.
文摘We present new connections among linear anomalous diffusion (AD), normal diffusion (ND) and the Central Limit Theorem (CLT). This is done by defining a point transformation to a new position variable, which we postulate to be Cartesian, motivated by considerations from super-symmetric quantum mechanics. Canonically quantizing in the new position and momentum variables according to Dirac gives rise to generalized negative semi-definite and self-adjoint Laplacian operators. These lead to new generalized Fourier transformations and associated probability distributions, which are form invariant under the corresponding transform. The new Laplacians also lead us to generalized diffusion equations, which imply a connection to the CLT. We show that the derived diffusion equations capture all of the Fractal and Non-Fractal Anomalous Diffusion equations of O’Shaughnessy and Procaccia. However, we also obtain new equations that cannot (so far as we can tell) be expressed as examples of the O’Shaughnessy and Procaccia equations. The results show, in part, that experimentally measuring the diffusion scaling law can determine the point transformation (for monomial point transformations). We also show that AD in the original, physical position is actually ND when viewed in terms of displacements in an appropriately transformed position variable. We illustrate the ideas both analytically and with a detailed computational example for a non-trivial choice of point transformation. Finally, we summarize our results.
文摘Elliptical motions of orbital bodies are treated here using Fourier series, Fortescue sequence components and Clarke’s instantaneous space vectors, quantities largely employed on electrical power systems analyses. Using this methodology, which evidences the analogy between orbital systems and autonomous second-order electrical systems, a new theory is presented in this article, in which it is demonstrated that Newton’s gravitational fields can also be treated as a composition of Hook’s elastic type fields, using the superposition principle. In fact, there is an identity between the equations of both laws. Furthermore, an energy analysis is conducted, and new concepts of power are introduced, which can help a better understanding of the physical mechanism of these quantities on both mechanical and electrical systems. The author believes that, as a practical consequence, elastic type gravitational fields can be artificially produced with modern engineering technologies, leading to possible satellites navigation techniques, with less dependency of external sources of energy and, even, new forms of energy sources for general purposes. This reinterpretation of orbital mechanics may also be complementary to conventional study, with implications for other theories such as relativistic, quantum, string theory and others.
