In the big forest countries, there is an actual challenge of accessing the forests for their resources, operational wildfire management, and economic estimations for various purposes. In Russia, there are two ways to ...In the big forest countries, there is an actual challenge of accessing the forests for their resources, operational wildfire management, and economic estimations for various purposes. In Russia, there are two ways to access the forests: by air and by ground means. The first way is quite expensive for any country. The second one is less expensive but has the spatial planning challenges to create access routes by existing public roads and forest glades. Regional authorities and firefighting departments are paying attention to the access by ground means, but there is a certain room to improve their management and cooperation methods on a limited budget. These tasks could be solved by GIS-technologies in a more operational manner to automate the routes’ construction especially during the fire season. We used combined geoinformation technology (developed previously) and satellite product, namely vegetation map from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate how accessible any forest area is when moving by public roads and forest glades from a fire station as a starting point. These stations are the main centers to fight the forest fires within the territory of ground protection zones in Russia and we have considered them as the logistic centers to manage the forest resources also. Transport model was created in two variants: no-barriers and barriers-based (forestries). By using these two models we have shown two different scenarios of action. The key area was Novosibirsk Region located in the Siberian Federal District, Russia. We have created a series of maps to show the transport accessibility of forest areas from the fire stations. Estimation of “located” pixels or forest areas accessible from the fire stations for the key area is about 66% - 83%;the most accessible forest type is mixed forests. The number of inaccessible pixels has been increased by more than two times in barriers scenario. Technology can be used for different thematic data sources and domains like ecology or economy.展开更多
The northern area of Okinawa Island is a unique forest area in Japan, with a distinctive ecosystem and subtropical climate. The area is a central region of forestry in Okinawa Prefecture. However, quantitative evaluat...The northern area of Okinawa Island is a unique forest area in Japan, with a distinctive ecosystem and subtropical climate. The area is a central region of forestry in Okinawa Prefecture. However, quantitative evaluation of the effects of the forest environment is inadequate. The authors began meteorological observation of this forested area to address this situation by setting up a weather station in 2009. In this study, we performed research on one of the major factors of the water cycle in forest ecosystems, evapotranspiration. We calculate seasonal changes in potential evapotranspiration through analysis of data from our weather station in 2013, because all measurement elements were assembled. To calculate potential evapotranspiration, we used the Penman equation. We found that the potential evapotranspiration in this forest area was 1170.5 mm in 2013. The mean temperature in 2013 was 20.7°C, yearly average relative humidity was 84.7%, and average wind speed was 1.40 m/s. Regarding the amount of evapotranspiration in the forests of northern Okinawa Island, which has not been previously obtained, it has become possible to calculate the amount of potential evapotranspiration using the Penman equation.展开更多
文摘In the big forest countries, there is an actual challenge of accessing the forests for their resources, operational wildfire management, and economic estimations for various purposes. In Russia, there are two ways to access the forests: by air and by ground means. The first way is quite expensive for any country. The second one is less expensive but has the spatial planning challenges to create access routes by existing public roads and forest glades. Regional authorities and firefighting departments are paying attention to the access by ground means, but there is a certain room to improve their management and cooperation methods on a limited budget. These tasks could be solved by GIS-technologies in a more operational manner to automate the routes’ construction especially during the fire season. We used combined geoinformation technology (developed previously) and satellite product, namely vegetation map from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate how accessible any forest area is when moving by public roads and forest glades from a fire station as a starting point. These stations are the main centers to fight the forest fires within the territory of ground protection zones in Russia and we have considered them as the logistic centers to manage the forest resources also. Transport model was created in two variants: no-barriers and barriers-based (forestries). By using these two models we have shown two different scenarios of action. The key area was Novosibirsk Region located in the Siberian Federal District, Russia. We have created a series of maps to show the transport accessibility of forest areas from the fire stations. Estimation of “located” pixels or forest areas accessible from the fire stations for the key area is about 66% - 83%;the most accessible forest type is mixed forests. The number of inaccessible pixels has been increased by more than two times in barriers scenario. Technology can be used for different thematic data sources and domains like ecology or economy.
文摘The northern area of Okinawa Island is a unique forest area in Japan, with a distinctive ecosystem and subtropical climate. The area is a central region of forestry in Okinawa Prefecture. However, quantitative evaluation of the effects of the forest environment is inadequate. The authors began meteorological observation of this forested area to address this situation by setting up a weather station in 2009. In this study, we performed research on one of the major factors of the water cycle in forest ecosystems, evapotranspiration. We calculate seasonal changes in potential evapotranspiration through analysis of data from our weather station in 2013, because all measurement elements were assembled. To calculate potential evapotranspiration, we used the Penman equation. We found that the potential evapotranspiration in this forest area was 1170.5 mm in 2013. The mean temperature in 2013 was 20.7°C, yearly average relative humidity was 84.7%, and average wind speed was 1.40 m/s. Regarding the amount of evapotranspiration in the forests of northern Okinawa Island, which has not been previously obtained, it has become possible to calculate the amount of potential evapotranspiration using the Penman equation.
