In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact...In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.展开更多
A symmetrical quartic polynomial, named golden one, can be connected to coefficients of the icosahedron equation as well as to the gyromagnetic correction of the electron and to number 137. This number is not a mystic...A symmetrical quartic polynomial, named golden one, can be connected to coefficients of the icosahedron equation as well as to the gyromagnetic correction of the electron and to number 137. This number is not a mystic one, but is connected with the inverse of Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant and this way again connected with the electron. From number-theoretical realities, including the reciprocity relation of the golden ratio as effective pre-calculator of nature’s creativeness, a proposed closeness to the icosahedron may point towards the structure of the electron, thought off as a single-strand compacted helically self-confined charged elemantary particle of less spherical but assumed blunted icosahedral shape generated from a high energy double-helix photon. We constructed a chiral Moebius “ball” from a 13 times 180˚twisted double helix strand, where the turning points of 12 generated slings were arranged towards the vertices of a regular icosahedron, belonging to the non-centrosymmetric rotation group I532. Mathematically put, we convert the helical motion of an energy quantum into a stationary motion on a Moebius stripe structure. The radius of the ball is about the Compton radius. This chiral closed circuit Moebius ball motion profile can be tentatively thought off as the dominant quantum vortex structure of the electron, and the model may be named CEWMB (Charged Electromagnetic Wave Moebius Ball). Also the gyromagnetic factor of the electron (g<sub>e</sub> = 2.002319) can be traced back to this special structure. However, nature’s energy infinity principle would suggest a superposition with additional less dominant (secondary) structures, governed also by the golden mean. A suggestion about the possible structure of delocalized hole carriers in the superconducting state is given.展开更多
Reciprocity may be understood as relation of action and reaction in the sense of Hegel’s philosophical definition. Quoting Kant, freedom and ethical necessities are reciprocally limited. In this contribution, a more ...Reciprocity may be understood as relation of action and reaction in the sense of Hegel’s philosophical definition. Quoting Kant, freedom and ethical necessities are reciprocally limited. In this contribution, a more mathematical than philosophical reflection about reciprocity as an ever-present dual property of everything was given. As a crystallographer, the author is familiar with the action of Fourier transforms and the relation between a crystal lattice and its reciprocal lattice, already pointing to the duality between particles and waves. A generalization of the reciprocity term was stimulated by results of the famous Information Relativity (IR) theory of Suleiman with its proven physical manifestation of matter-wave duality, compared to the set-theoretical E-Infinity theory developed by El Naschie, where the zero set represents the pre-quantum particle, and the pre-quantum wave is assigned to the empty set boundary surrounding the pre-particle. Expectedly, the most irrational number of the golden mean is involved in these thoughts, because this number is intimately connected with its inverse. An important role plays further Hardy’s maximum quantum entanglement probability as the fifth power of φand its connection to the dark matter. Remembering, the eleven dimensions in Witten’s M-theory may be decomposed into the Lucas number L5 = 11 = φ−5 – φ5. Reciprocity is indeed omnipresent in our world as piloting waves that accompany all observable earthen and cosmic matter. As a side effect of the IR theory some fundamental constants such as the gyromagnetic factor of the electron, Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant as well as the charge of the electron must be marginally changed caused by altered relativistic corrections. Consequences also arise for our vision about the evolution of life and consciousness.展开更多
We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where m<sub>p</sub> and m<sub>e</sub> are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In...We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where m<sub>p</sub> and m<sub>e</sub> are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In this report, using the electrochemical method, we proposed an equivalent circuit. Then, we proposed a refined version of our own old empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 3.132011447 and 4.488519503, respectively. The calculated values of T<sub>c</sub> and G are 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>-11</sup> (m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>-1</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup>).展开更多
Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be pr...Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α.展开更多
We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the...We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the elementary charge e, the Boltzmann constant k, the Planck constant h, and the light of speed in vacuum c. Given that the value of α is quite conserved but T is variable across CMBs, we propose that c changes with T and can be given by T, the present CMB temperature T<sub>0</sub> and the present light speed c<sub>0</sub>. As T is continuously decreasing, c is thus predicted to decrease at a rate of ~2.15 centimeters/second (cm/s) per year. Moreover, we provide a lot of evidence to support this finding. In conclusion, this study suggests a possibility of variable speed of light in vacuum.展开更多
We proposed several empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. The main three equations were connected mathematically. However, these equations have small errors of approximately 10<sup>-3&...We proposed several empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. The main three equations were connected mathematically. However, these equations have small errors of approximately 10<sup>-3</sup>. Therefore, we attempted to improve the accuracy. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 4.48870 and 3.13189, respectively. Then, the errors become smaller than 10<sup>-5</sup>. However, we could not show any reasons for these compensations. We noticed the following equations. , . Then, we can explain the von Klitzing constant Rk=3.131777037×4.488855463×13.5×136.0113077. It is well known that the von Klitzing constant can be measured with very high accuracy. We examined this equation for the von Klitzing constant in detail. Then, we noticed that 136.0113 should be uniquely determined. The von Klitzing constant is highly related to the fine-structure constant. After the examination of the numerical connections, we can explain the value of 137.035999081 as a fine-structure constant with very high accuracy. Then, we attempt to explain this value from Wagner’s equation.展开更多
In this work, we consider the so-called Λ(α)CDM cosmology with Λ∝α^(-6) while the fine-structure"constant" α is varying. In this scenario, the accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by the cos...In this work, we consider the so-called Λ(α)CDM cosmology with Λ∝α^(-6) while the fine-structure"constant" α is varying. In this scenario, the accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by the cosmological"constant" Λ(equivalently the vacuum energy), and the varying α is driven by a subdominant scalar field ? coupling with the electromagnetic field. The observational constraints on the varying α and Λ∝α^(-6) models with various couplings BF(?) between the subdominant scalar field ? and the electromagnetic field are considered.展开更多
A rigorous model for the electron is presented by generalizing the Coulomb’s Law or Gauss’s Law of electrostatics, using a unified theory of electricity and gravity. The permittivity of the free-space is allowed to ...A rigorous model for the electron is presented by generalizing the Coulomb’s Law or Gauss’s Law of electrostatics, using a unified theory of electricity and gravity. The permittivity of the free-space is allowed to be variable, dependent on the energy density associated with the electric field at a given location, employing generalized concepts of gravity and mass/energy density. The electric field becomes a non-linear function of the source charge, where the concept of the energy density needs to be properly defined. Stable solutions are derived for a spherically symmetric, surface-charge distribution of an elementary charge. This is implemented by assuming that the gravitational field and its equivalent permittivity function is proportional to the energy density, as a simple first-order approximation, with the constant of proportionality, referred to as the Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) constant. The stable solution with the lowest mass/energy is assumed to represent a “static” electron without any spin. Further, assuming that the mass/energy of a static electron is half of the total mass/energy of an electron including its spin contribution, the required UEG constant is estimated. More fundamentally, the lowest stable mass of a static elementary charged particle, its associated classical radius, and the UEG constant are related to each other by a dimensionless constant, independent of any specific value of the charge or mass of the particle. This dimensionless constant is numerologically found to be closely related to the fine structure constant. This possible origin of the fine structure constant is further strengthened by applying the proposed theory to successfully model the Casimir effect, from which approximately the same above relationship between the UEG constant, electron’s mass and classical radius, and the fine structure constant, emerges.展开更多
We link nuclear force with gravity. We use statistical entropy to link fine-structure constant （ct） and cosmological constant, showing mystical number 137 （as reciprocal of increasing entropy of the universe） as n...We link nuclear force with gravity. We use statistical entropy to link fine-structure constant （ct） and cosmological constant, showing mystical number 137 （as reciprocal of increasing entropy of the universe） as negative entropy needed for life to exist. If our computational route applies to the physical universe, it should apply to life. Molecular biology is searching for the fundamental source of information that would link to the information in DNA.展开更多
The fine-structure constant α [1] is a constant in physics that plays a fundamental role in the electromagnetic interaction. It is a dimensionless constant, defined as: (1) being q the elementary charge, ε0 the vacu...The fine-structure constant α [1] is a constant in physics that plays a fundamental role in the electromagnetic interaction. It is a dimensionless constant, defined as: (1) being q the elementary charge, ε0 the vacuum permittivity, h the Planck constant and c the speed of light in vacuum. The value shown in (1) is according CODATA 2014 [2]. In this paper, it will be explained that the fine-structure constant is one of the roots of the following equation: (2) being e the mathematical constant e (the base of the natural logarithm). One of the solutions of this equation is: (3) This means that it is equal to the CODATA value in nine decimal digits (or the seven most significant ones if you prefer). And therefore, the difference between both values is: (4) This coincidence is higher in orders of magnitude than the commonly accepted necessary to validate a theory towards experimentation. As the cosine function is periodical, the Equation (2) has infinite roots and could seem the coincidence is just by chance. But as it will be shown in the paper, the separation among the different solutions is sufficiently high to disregard this possibility. It will also be shown that another elegant way to show Equation (2) is the following (being i the imaginary unit): (5) having of course the same root (3). The possible meaning of this other representation (5) will be explained.展开更多
Recent observations show that the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, αe, may vary with space and time. In the framework of Finsler spacetime, we propose here an anisotropic cosmological model, in which both spa...Recent observations show that the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, αe, may vary with space and time. In the framework of Finsler spacetime, we propose here an anisotropic cosmological model, in which both spatial and temporal variations of αe are allowed. Our model naturally leads to the dipole structure of αe, and predicts that the dipole amplitude increases with time. We fit our model to the most up-to-date measurements of αe from the quasar absorption lines. It is found that the dipole direction points towards（l, b） =（330.2°±7.3°,-13.0°±5.6°）in galactic coordinates, and the anisotropic parameter is b_0 =（0.47±0.09）×10^-5, which corresponds to a dipole amplitude（7.2±1.4）×10^-8 at redshift z = 0.015. This is consistent with the upper limit of the variation of αe measured in the Milky Way. We also fit our model to Union2.1 type Ia supernovae, and find that the preferred direction of Union2.1 is consistent with the dipole direction of αe.展开更多
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine...The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler’s semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.展开更多
文摘In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
文摘A symmetrical quartic polynomial, named golden one, can be connected to coefficients of the icosahedron equation as well as to the gyromagnetic correction of the electron and to number 137. This number is not a mystic one, but is connected with the inverse of Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant and this way again connected with the electron. From number-theoretical realities, including the reciprocity relation of the golden ratio as effective pre-calculator of nature’s creativeness, a proposed closeness to the icosahedron may point towards the structure of the electron, thought off as a single-strand compacted helically self-confined charged elemantary particle of less spherical but assumed blunted icosahedral shape generated from a high energy double-helix photon. We constructed a chiral Moebius “ball” from a 13 times 180˚twisted double helix strand, where the turning points of 12 generated slings were arranged towards the vertices of a regular icosahedron, belonging to the non-centrosymmetric rotation group I532. Mathematically put, we convert the helical motion of an energy quantum into a stationary motion on a Moebius stripe structure. The radius of the ball is about the Compton radius. This chiral closed circuit Moebius ball motion profile can be tentatively thought off as the dominant quantum vortex structure of the electron, and the model may be named CEWMB (Charged Electromagnetic Wave Moebius Ball). Also the gyromagnetic factor of the electron (g<sub>e</sub> = 2.002319) can be traced back to this special structure. However, nature’s energy infinity principle would suggest a superposition with additional less dominant (secondary) structures, governed also by the golden mean. A suggestion about the possible structure of delocalized hole carriers in the superconducting state is given.
文摘Reciprocity may be understood as relation of action and reaction in the sense of Hegel’s philosophical definition. Quoting Kant, freedom and ethical necessities are reciprocally limited. In this contribution, a more mathematical than philosophical reflection about reciprocity as an ever-present dual property of everything was given. As a crystallographer, the author is familiar with the action of Fourier transforms and the relation between a crystal lattice and its reciprocal lattice, already pointing to the duality between particles and waves. A generalization of the reciprocity term was stimulated by results of the famous Information Relativity (IR) theory of Suleiman with its proven physical manifestation of matter-wave duality, compared to the set-theoretical E-Infinity theory developed by El Naschie, where the zero set represents the pre-quantum particle, and the pre-quantum wave is assigned to the empty set boundary surrounding the pre-particle. Expectedly, the most irrational number of the golden mean is involved in these thoughts, because this number is intimately connected with its inverse. An important role plays further Hardy’s maximum quantum entanglement probability as the fifth power of φand its connection to the dark matter. Remembering, the eleven dimensions in Witten’s M-theory may be decomposed into the Lucas number L5 = 11 = φ−5 – φ5. Reciprocity is indeed omnipresent in our world as piloting waves that accompany all observable earthen and cosmic matter. As a side effect of the IR theory some fundamental constants such as the gyromagnetic factor of the electron, Sommerfeld’s fine-structure constant as well as the charge of the electron must be marginally changed caused by altered relativistic corrections. Consequences also arise for our vision about the evolution of life and consciousness.
文摘We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where m<sub>p</sub> and m<sub>e</sub> are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In this report, using the electrochemical method, we proposed an equivalent circuit. Then, we proposed a refined version of our own old empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 3.132011447 and 4.488519503, respectively. The calculated values of T<sub>c</sub> and G are 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>-11</sup> (m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>-1</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup>).
文摘Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α.
文摘We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the elementary charge e, the Boltzmann constant k, the Planck constant h, and the light of speed in vacuum c. Given that the value of α is quite conserved but T is variable across CMBs, we propose that c changes with T and can be given by T, the present CMB temperature T<sub>0</sub> and the present light speed c<sub>0</sub>. As T is continuously decreasing, c is thus predicted to decrease at a rate of ~2.15 centimeters/second (cm/s) per year. Moreover, we provide a lot of evidence to support this finding. In conclusion, this study suggests a possibility of variable speed of light in vacuum.
文摘We proposed several empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. The main three equations were connected mathematically. However, these equations have small errors of approximately 10<sup>-3</sup>. Therefore, we attempted to improve the accuracy. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 4.48870 and 3.13189, respectively. Then, the errors become smaller than 10<sup>-5</sup>. However, we could not show any reasons for these compensations. We noticed the following equations. , . Then, we can explain the von Klitzing constant Rk=3.131777037×4.488855463×13.5×136.0113077. It is well known that the von Klitzing constant can be measured with very high accuracy. We examined this equation for the von Klitzing constant in detail. Then, we noticed that 136.0113 should be uniquely determined. The von Klitzing constant is highly related to the fine-structure constant. After the examination of the numerical connections, we can explain the value of 137.035999081 as a fine-structure constant with very high accuracy. Then, we attempt to explain this value from Wagner’s equation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11575022 and 11175016
文摘In this work, we consider the so-called Λ(α)CDM cosmology with Λ∝α^(-6) while the fine-structure"constant" α is varying. In this scenario, the accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by the cosmological"constant" Λ(equivalently the vacuum energy), and the varying α is driven by a subdominant scalar field ? coupling with the electromagnetic field. The observational constraints on the varying α and Λ∝α^(-6) models with various couplings BF(?) between the subdominant scalar field ? and the electromagnetic field are considered.
文摘A rigorous model for the electron is presented by generalizing the Coulomb’s Law or Gauss’s Law of electrostatics, using a unified theory of electricity and gravity. The permittivity of the free-space is allowed to be variable, dependent on the energy density associated with the electric field at a given location, employing generalized concepts of gravity and mass/energy density. The electric field becomes a non-linear function of the source charge, where the concept of the energy density needs to be properly defined. Stable solutions are derived for a spherically symmetric, surface-charge distribution of an elementary charge. This is implemented by assuming that the gravitational field and its equivalent permittivity function is proportional to the energy density, as a simple first-order approximation, with the constant of proportionality, referred to as the Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) constant. The stable solution with the lowest mass/energy is assumed to represent a “static” electron without any spin. Further, assuming that the mass/energy of a static electron is half of the total mass/energy of an electron including its spin contribution, the required UEG constant is estimated. More fundamentally, the lowest stable mass of a static elementary charged particle, its associated classical radius, and the UEG constant are related to each other by a dimensionless constant, independent of any specific value of the charge or mass of the particle. This dimensionless constant is numerologically found to be closely related to the fine structure constant. This possible origin of the fine structure constant is further strengthened by applying the proposed theory to successfully model the Casimir effect, from which approximately the same above relationship between the UEG constant, electron’s mass and classical radius, and the fine structure constant, emerges.
文摘We link nuclear force with gravity. We use statistical entropy to link fine-structure constant （ct） and cosmological constant, showing mystical number 137 （as reciprocal of increasing entropy of the universe） as negative entropy needed for life to exist. If our computational route applies to the physical universe, it should apply to life. Molecular biology is searching for the fundamental source of information that would link to the information in DNA.
文摘The fine-structure constant α [1] is a constant in physics that plays a fundamental role in the electromagnetic interaction. It is a dimensionless constant, defined as: (1) being q the elementary charge, ε0 the vacuum permittivity, h the Planck constant and c the speed of light in vacuum. The value shown in (1) is according CODATA 2014 [2]. In this paper, it will be explained that the fine-structure constant is one of the roots of the following equation: (2) being e the mathematical constant e (the base of the natural logarithm). One of the solutions of this equation is: (3) This means that it is equal to the CODATA value in nine decimal digits (or the seven most significant ones if you prefer). And therefore, the difference between both values is: (4) This coincidence is higher in orders of magnitude than the commonly accepted necessary to validate a theory towards experimentation. As the cosine function is periodical, the Equation (2) has infinite roots and could seem the coincidence is just by chance. But as it will be shown in the paper, the separation among the different solutions is sufficiently high to disregard this possibility. It will also be shown that another elegant way to show Equation (2) is the following (being i the imaginary unit): (5) having of course the same root (3). The possible meaning of this other representation (5) will be explained.
基金Supported by Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(106112016CDJCR301206)National Natural Science Fund of China(11305181,11547035,11603005)Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics,Institute of Theoretical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China(Y5KF181CJ1)
文摘Recent observations show that the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, αe, may vary with space and time. In the framework of Finsler spacetime, we propose here an anisotropic cosmological model, in which both spatial and temporal variations of αe are allowed. Our model naturally leads to the dipole structure of αe, and predicts that the dipole amplitude increases with time. We fit our model to the most up-to-date measurements of αe from the quasar absorption lines. It is found that the dipole direction points towards（l, b） =（330.2°±7.3°,-13.0°±5.6°）in galactic coordinates, and the anisotropic parameter is b_0 =（0.47±0.09）×10^-5, which corresponds to a dipole amplitude（7.2±1.4）×10^-8 at redshift z = 0.015. This is consistent with the upper limit of the variation of αe measured in the Milky Way. We also fit our model to Union2.1 type Ia supernovae, and find that the preferred direction of Union2.1 is consistent with the dipole direction of αe.
文摘The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler’s semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
