Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection.Over decades,advanced understanding of host–microorganism interaction has gra...Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection.Over decades,advanced understanding of host–microorganism interaction has gradually unmasked the genuine nature of sepsis,guiding toward new definition and novel therapeutic approaches.Diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes among infectious patients have suggested the heterogeneity of immunopathology,while systemic inflammatory responses and deteriorating organ function observed in critically ill patients imply the extensively hyperactivated cascades by the host defense system.From focusing on microorganism pathogenicity,research interests have turned toward the molecular basis of host responses.Though progress has been made regarding recognition and management of clinical sepsis,incidence and mortality rate remain high.Furthermore,clinical trials of therapeutics have failed to obtain promising results.As far as we know,there was no systematic review addressing sepsis-related molecular signaling pathways and intervention therapy in literature.Increasing studies have succeeded to confirm novel functions of involved signaling pathways and comment on efficacy of intervention therapies amid sepsis.However,few of these studies attempt to elucidate the underlining mechanism in progression of sepsis,while other failed to integrate preliminary findings and describe in a broader view.This review focuses on the important signaling pathways,potential molecular mechanism,and pathway-associated therapy in sepsis.Host-derived molecules interacting with activated cells possess pivotal role for sepsis pathogenesis by dynamic regulation of signaling pathways.Cross-talk and functions of these molecules are also discussed in detail.Lastly,potential novel therapeutic strategies precisely targeting on signaling pathways and molecules are mentioned.展开更多
AIM:To validate the usefulness of screening endoscopy findings for predictingHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection status. METHODS:H. pylori infection status was determined by histology, serology, and the urea bre...AIM:To validate the usefulness of screening endoscopy findings for predictingHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection status. METHODS:H. pylori infection status was determined by histology, serology, and the urea breast test in 77 consecutive patients who underwent upper endoscopy. Based on the findings, patients were categorized as H. pylori -uninfected, -infected, or -eradicated cases. Using six photos of certain sites in the stomach per case, we determined the presence or absence of the following endoscopic findings:regular arrangement of collecting venules (RAC), linear erythema, hemorrhage, fundic gland polyp (FGP), atrophic change, rugal hyperplasia, edema, spotty erythema, exudate, xanthoma, and mottled patchy erythema (MPE). The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and inter-observer agreement (Kappa value) for these 11 endoscopic findings used in the determination of H. pylori infection status were calculated. RESULTS:Of the 77 patients [32 men and 45 women; mean age (SD), 39.7 (13.4) years] assessed, 28 were H. pylori uninfected, 28 were infected, and 21 were eradicated. DOR values were significantly high (< 0.05) for the following H. pylori cases:uninfected cases with RAC (11.5), linear erythema (24.5), hemorrhage (4.1), and FGP (34.5); for infected cases with atrophic change (8.67), rugal hyperplasia (15.8), edema (14.2), spotty erythema (11.5), and exudate (3.52); and for eradicated cases with atrophic change (32.4) and MPE (103.0). Kappa values were excellent for FGP (0.93), good for RAC (0.63), hemorrhage (0.79), atrophic change (0.74), and MPE (0.75), moderate for linear erythema (0.51), rugal hyperplasia (0.49), edema (0.58), spotty erythema (0.47), and exudate (0.46), and poor for xanthoma (0.19). CONCLUSION:The endoscopic findings of RAC, hemorrhage, FGP, atrophic change, and MPE will be useful for predicting H. pylori infection status.展开更多
Background:China is facing challenges of the shifting presentation of tuberculosis(TB)from younger to elderly due to an ageing population,longer life expectancy and reactivation disease.However,the burden of elderly T...Background:China is facing challenges of the shifting presentation of tuberculosis(TB)from younger to elderly due to an ageing population,longer life expectancy and reactivation disease.However,the burden of elderly TB and influence factors are not yet clear.To fill the gap,we generated a cohort study to measure the magnitude of TB incidence and associated factors among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in China.Methods:In this cohort established in 2013 through a prevalence survey conducted in selected sites,a total of 34076 elderlies without TB were enrolled into two-year follow-up.We used both active and passive case findings to find out all TB patients among them.The person-year(PY)incidence rates for both bacteriologically positive TB and active TB were calculated.Cox proportional regression model was performed to test effect of risk factors,and the population attributable fraction(PAF)of each risk factor contributing to incident TB among elderlies was calculated.Results:Over the two-year follow-up period,a total of 215 incident active TB were identified,62 of which were bacteriologically positive.The incidence rates for active TB and bacteriologically positive TB were 481.8 per 100000 PY(95%CI:417.4–546.2 per 100000 PY)and 138.9 per 100000 PY(95%CI:104.4–173.5 per 100000 PY),respectively.Incident cases detected by active case finding were significantly higher(P<0.001).Male,non-Han nationality,previously treated TB,ex/current smoker and body mass index(BMI)<18.5 presented as independent predictors for developing TB disease.For developing bacteriologically positive TB,the biggest contribution was from self-reported ex or current smoker(18.06%).And,for developing active TB,the biggest contribution was from non-Han nationality(35.40%),followed by male(26.80%)and age at 75 years and above(10.85%).Conclusions:Ageing population in China had a high TB incidence rate and risk to develop TB disease,implying that National TB Program(NTP)needs to prioritize for elderly.Active case finding should be app展开更多
Red pitaya(Hylocereus polyrhizus)fruit is a high-value,functional food,containing a high level of betalains.Several genes potentially related to betalain biosynthesis,such as cytochrome P450-like(CytP450-like),have be...Red pitaya(Hylocereus polyrhizus)fruit is a high-value,functional food,containing a high level of betalains.Several genes potentially related to betalain biosynthesis,such as cytochrome P450-like(CytP450-like),have been identified in pitaya fruit,while their transcriptional regulation remains unclear.In this work,the potential involvement of a WRKY transcription factor,HpWRKY44,in regulating CytP450-like1 expression in pitaya fruit was examined.HpWRKY44,a member of the Group 1 WRKY family,contains two conserved WRKY motifs and is localized in the nucleus.HpWRKY44 also exhibits trans-activation ability.Gene expression analysis showed that the expression of HpCytP450-like1 and HpWRKY44 increased steadily during pitaya fruit coloration,which corresponded with the production of elevated betalain levels in the fruit.HpWRKY44 was also demonstrated to directly bind to and activate the HpCytP450-like1 promoter via the recognition of the W-box element present in the promoter.Collectively,our findings indicate that HpWRKY44 transcriptionally activates HpCytP450-like1,which perhaps,at least in part,contributes to betalain biosynthesis in pitaya fruit.The information provided in the current study provides novel insights into the regulatory network associated with betalain biosynthesis during pitaya fruit coloration.展开更多
The academic world is still uncertain about the classification of Taisui. It is debating whether Taisui is living or not, myxomycete complex or fungi. The passage studies the 228 finding reports of Taisui in modern Ch...The academic world is still uncertain about the classification of Taisui. It is debating whether Taisui is living or not, myxomycete complex or fungi. The passage studies the 228 finding reports of Taisui in modern China. It confirms that the first finding time of Taisui in modern China is 1963, and the first reported time is 1992. Taisui has been found in 25 administrative divisions. Taisui occurs the most times in Shandong Province. Besides, provinces where Taisui has been found most times are in northern China. Finding locations of Taisui vary from place to place. Taisui is most often found in normal earth layer, with different burying depth. Taisui is mainly found through seeing, tramping, and digging. Taisui findings lack subjective motivations and are connected with the life and production of the finders. Conclusion: Taisui is an object growing in earth layer.展开更多
This article analyses the technical and environmental efficiency of hog production in China using data from the China Agricultural Product Cost-Benefit Compilation（NDRC 2005–2013） and the First National Census of P...This article analyses the technical and environmental efficiency of hog production in China using data from the China Agricultural Product Cost-Benefit Compilation（NDRC 2005–2013） and the First National Census of Pollution： Manual of Discharge Coefficient of Livestock and Poultry Industry（IEDA and NIES 2009）. The empirical results show a great variation in environmental efficiency, ranging from 0.344 to 0.973 with a mean value of 0.672 that declines over time. Southwest China is found to be the most environmentally efficient region, while the Northeast and the Northwest are the least efficient. Another finding is that technical and environmental efficiencies are highly correlated in hog production; the most environmentally efficient regions are usually found to have high technical efficiency, and vice versa. In addition, we computed the output elasticities with respect to each factor input. The results show that feed is the most efficient input, with an output elasticity of approximately 0.551, which is much higher than the elasticity of the nitrogen surplus, other capital or labour. The output elasticity with respect to the nitrogen surplus is 0.287 on average. Finally, the scale elasticity in hog production is slightly higher than 1.展开更多
Imaging laser radar can give intensity and range images,which provide integrated 3-dimensional (3D) information about objects.However, dropouts and range anomalies exacerbate range images, which makes their background...Imaging laser radar can give intensity and range images,which provide integrated 3-dimensional (3D) information about objects.However, dropouts and range anomalies exacerbate range images, which makes their background cluttered and target blurred.For background suppression,a new algorithm that combines intensity image and its mean is presented.By using this algorithm to process actual laser radar range images, most background noises are suppressed.According to range anomalies characteristics,multitemplate selection order mean filtering algorithm is presented and used for actual ladar range images where the distance between two targets is 77 m. This algorithm obtains the clear range image in which the interval of two objects is 75 m.The result shows that the processing algorithm is correct and effective.展开更多
Natural killer(NK)cells represent a heterogeneous population of innate lymphocytes with phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets.In particular,recent studies have identified a unique subset of NK cells residin...Natural killer(NK)cells represent a heterogeneous population of innate lymphocytes with phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets.In particular,recent studies have identified a unique subset of NK cells residing within the liver that are maintained as tissue-resident cells,confer antigen-specific memory responses and exhibit different phenotypical and developmental characteristics compared with conventional NK(cNK)cells.These findings have encouraged researchers to uncover tissue-resident NK cells at other sites,and detailed analyses have revealed that these tissue-resident NK cells share many similarities with liver-resident NK cells and tissue-resident memory T cells.Here,we present a brief historical perspective on the discovery of liver-resident NK cells and discuss their relationship to cNK cells and other emerging NK cell subsets and their potential functions.展开更多
Wide distribution of Cambrian salt-bearing basins is a prominent feature of older strata in Asia. The Cambrian salt-bearing sequences are mainly distributed in East Siberia of Russia, Iran, Oman, India, Pakistan, and ...Wide distribution of Cambrian salt-bearing basins is a prominent feature of older strata in Asia. The Cambrian salt-bearing sequences are mainly distributed in East Siberia of Russia, Iran, Oman, India, Pakistan, and China. The Cambrian was one of the most important epochs of potash deposition in the world. Potash salts are found in East Siberia, Iran, India, and Pakistan, and, among them, one of the largest potash deposits in the world-the Siberian Nepa Potash Basin-formed in the Early Cambrian. The Cambrian was also one of the most important epochs of rock gypsum and salt deposition in China. Gypsum deposits occur in all the three major continental blocks of China （Yangtze Block, North China Block, and Tarim Block）, forming four large marine salt-bearing basins. Extensive, thick rock salt deposits have been found in the Yangtze Block and Tarim Block, where better potashbearing hydrochemical manifestations and leaching coefficient anomalies have been found for the first time. In the North China Block, a number of gypsum deposits and occurrences have been observed and Cambrian high-salinity brine and halite crystals found in oil wells. This study for the first time relatively completely analyzes the distribution and tempo-spatial evolution of Cambrian gypsum and salt-bearing basins in China, which provide an important basis for the study of the history of Cambrian paleogeographic evolution over the globe and salt and potash exploration in Cambrian salt-bearing basins of China.展开更多
Marssonina apple blotch,caused by Diplocarpon mali,is one of the most serious diseases of apple.Autophagy plays a key role in pathogen resistance.We previously showed that MdATG18a has a positive influence on drought ...Marssonina apple blotch,caused by Diplocarpon mali,is one of the most serious diseases of apple.Autophagy plays a key role in pathogen resistance.We previously showed that MdATG18a has a positive influence on drought tolerance.Herein,we describe how overexpression(OE)of MdATG18a enhances resistance to D.mali infection,probably because less H2O2 but more salicylic acid(SA)is accumulated in the leaves of OE apple plants.Expression of chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,and SA-related marker genes was induced more strongly by D.mali in OE lines.Transcript levels of other important MdATG genes were also drastically increased by D.mali in OE plants,which indicated increased autophagy activities.Taken together,these results demonstrate that OE of MdATG18a enhances resistance to infection by D.mali and plays positive roles in H2O2-scavenging and SA accumulations.Our findings provide important information for designing strategies which could induce autophagy to minimize the impact of this disease on apple production.展开更多
The ripening of papaya is a physiological and metabolic process associated with accumulation of carotenoids,alternation of flesh color and flavor,which depending on genotype and external factors such as light and horm...The ripening of papaya is a physiological and metabolic process associated with accumulation of carotenoids,alternation of flesh color and flavor,which depending on genotype and external factors such as light and hormone.Transcription factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis have not been analyzed during papaya fruit ripening.RNA-Seq experiments were implemented using different ripening stages of papaya fruit from two papaya varieties.Cis-elements in lycopeneβ-cyclase genes(CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B)were identified,and followed by genome-wide analysis to identify transcription factors binding to these cis-elements,resulting in the identification of CpbHLH1 and CpbHLH2,two bHLH genes.The expressions of CpbHLH1/2 were changed during fruit development,coupled with transcript increase of carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes including CpCYC-B,CpLCY-B,CpPDS2,CpZDS,CpLCY-E,and CpCHY-B.Yeast onehybrid(Y1H)and transient expression assay revealed that CpbHLH1/2 could bind to the promoters of CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B,and regulate their transcriptions.In response to strong light,the results of elevated expression of carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes and the changed expression of CpbHLH1/2 indicated that CpbHLH1/2 were involved in light-mediated mechanisms of regulating critical genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Collectively,our findings demonstrated several TF family members participating in the regulation of carotenoid genes and proved that CpbHLH1 and CpbHLH2 individually regulated the transcription of lycopeneβ-cyclase genes(CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B).This study yielded novel findings on regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis during papaya fruit ripening.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to isolate and identify a taxol-producing endophytic fungus from Taxus media. [Method] 32 strains of endophytic fungi were identified form the inner bark of T. media,and their fermentation prod...[Objective] The aim was to isolate and identify a taxol-producing endophytic fungus from Taxus media. [Method] 32 strains of endophytic fungi were identified form the inner bark of T. media,and their fermentation products were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [Result] Through the screening,a strain of taxol-producing endophytic fungi M57 was obtained,which could produce 45-50 μg/L of taxol,and M57 was defined as Rhizopus sp. through morphological observation and 18S rDNA sequence analysis. [Conclusion] The finding of Rhizopus sp. M57 provided a promising strain for producing taxol with taxol-producing fungi fermentation process.展开更多
Dormancy-associated MADS-box(DAM)genes serve as crucial regulators of the endodormancy cycle in rosaceous plants.Although pear DAM genes have been identified previously,the lack of a high-quality reference genome and ...Dormancy-associated MADS-box(DAM)genes serve as crucial regulators of the endodormancy cycle in rosaceous plants.Although pear DAM genes have been identified previously,the lack of a high-quality reference genome and techniques to study gene function have prevented accurate genome-wide analysis and functional verification of such genes.Additionally,the contribution of other genes to the regulation of endodormancy release remains poorly understood.In this study,a high-quality genome assembly for'Cuiguan'pear(Pyrus pyrifolia),which is a leading cultivar with a low chilling requirement cultivated in China,was constructed using PacBio and Hi-C technologies.Using this genome sequence,we revealed that pear DAM genes were tandemly clustered on Chr8 and Chr15 and were differentially expressed in the buds between'Cuiguan'and the high-chilling-requirement cultivar'Suli'during the dormancy cycle.Using a virus-induced gene silencing system,we determined the repressive effects of DAM genes on bud break.Several novel genes potentially involved in the regulation of endodormancy release were identified by RNA sequencing and H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses of‘Suli'buds during artificial chilling using the new reference genome.Our findings enrich the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism underlying endodormancy release and chilling requirements and provide a foundation for the practical regulation of dormancy release in fruit trees as an adaptation to climate change.展开更多
Memory leaks are a common type of defect that is hard to detect manually. Existing memory leak detection tools suffer from lack of precise interprocedural analysis and path-sensitivity. To address this problem, we pre...Memory leaks are a common type of defect that is hard to detect manually. Existing memory leak detection tools suffer from lack of precise interprocedural analysis and path-sensitivity. To address this problem, we present a static interprocedural analysis algorithm, that performs fully pathsensitive analysis and captures precise function behaviors, to detect memory leak in C programs. The proposed algorithm uses path-sensitive symbolic execution to track memory actions in different program paths guarded by path conditions. A novel analysis model called memory state transition graph （MSTG） is proposed to describe the tracking process and its results. In order to do interprocedural analysis, the proposed algorithm generates a summary for each procedure from MSTG and applies the summary at the procedure＇s call sites. A prototype tool called Melton is implemented for this procedure. Melton was applied to five open source C programs and 41 leaks were found. More than 90% of these leaks were subsequently confirmed and fixed by their maintainers. For comparison with other tools, Melton was also applied to some programs in standard performance evaluation corporation （SPEC） CPU 2000 benchmark suite and detected more leaks than the state of the art approaches.展开更多
Background: The community tuberculosis care program was started to reduce the impact of TB and increase successful treatment outcomes, thus contributing to meeting WHO targets on TB. According to the Botswana Ministry...Background: The community tuberculosis care program was started to reduce the impact of TB and increase successful treatment outcomes, thus contributing to meeting WHO targets on TB. According to the Botswana Ministry of Health, community tuberculosis care was introduced with the main goal of reducing tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality among communities through the expansion of direct observed therapy and community involvement to community settings. The community caregivers were to support tuberculosis patients throughout their treatment period until they were cured or had completed their treatment. Settings: Two major cities of Botswana, Francistown and Gaborone, with more than twenty-two health clinics offering tuberculosis care. Objective: To investigate community caregivers’ experiences and identify programmatic strategies to improve active TB case findings under the community TB care (CTBC) program in Botswana during 2016-2021. Methods: We adopted a descriptive qualitative research design, followed by convenience purposive sampling. We obtained consent and interviewed 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria, 16 out of 73 in Gaborone and 24 out of 38 from Francistown. Results: We interviewed 40 caregivers with a mean age of 43.4 years. Accepting the caregiving role was identified as the main experience by more than two thirds of the caregivers. While at least more than two-fifth felt obligated to care for the patient at home due to personal relations. More than half of the respondents found caregiving difficult or frustrating due to some challenges encountered during the caregiving role. Behavioral modifications were suggested under different subthemes as strategies to improve active case finding. [-rId13-]Conclusion: Acceptance was the major experience in CTBC. Intensification of known programmatic strategies was suggested by caregivers to improve tuberculosis active case finding in CTBC.展开更多
基金This study was supported by grants from the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.19ZR1432900)Shanghai Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center(grant No.TM202012).
文摘Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection.Over decades,advanced understanding of host–microorganism interaction has gradually unmasked the genuine nature of sepsis,guiding toward new definition and novel therapeutic approaches.Diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes among infectious patients have suggested the heterogeneity of immunopathology,while systemic inflammatory responses and deteriorating organ function observed in critically ill patients imply the extensively hyperactivated cascades by the host defense system.From focusing on microorganism pathogenicity,research interests have turned toward the molecular basis of host responses.Though progress has been made regarding recognition and management of clinical sepsis,incidence and mortality rate remain high.Furthermore,clinical trials of therapeutics have failed to obtain promising results.As far as we know,there was no systematic review addressing sepsis-related molecular signaling pathways and intervention therapy in literature.Increasing studies have succeeded to confirm novel functions of involved signaling pathways and comment on efficacy of intervention therapies amid sepsis.However,few of these studies attempt to elucidate the underlining mechanism in progression of sepsis,while other failed to integrate preliminary findings and describe in a broader view.This review focuses on the important signaling pathways,potential molecular mechanism,and pathway-associated therapy in sepsis.Host-derived molecules interacting with activated cells possess pivotal role for sepsis pathogenesis by dynamic regulation of signaling pathways.Cross-talk and functions of these molecules are also discussed in detail.Lastly,potential novel therapeutic strategies precisely targeting on signaling pathways and molecules are mentioned.
基金Supported by A Grant from the National Center for Global Health and Medicine
文摘AIM:To validate the usefulness of screening endoscopy findings for predictingHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection status. METHODS:H. pylori infection status was determined by histology, serology, and the urea breast test in 77 consecutive patients who underwent upper endoscopy. Based on the findings, patients were categorized as H. pylori -uninfected, -infected, or -eradicated cases. Using six photos of certain sites in the stomach per case, we determined the presence or absence of the following endoscopic findings:regular arrangement of collecting venules (RAC), linear erythema, hemorrhage, fundic gland polyp (FGP), atrophic change, rugal hyperplasia, edema, spotty erythema, exudate, xanthoma, and mottled patchy erythema (MPE). The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and inter-observer agreement (Kappa value) for these 11 endoscopic findings used in the determination of H. pylori infection status were calculated. RESULTS:Of the 77 patients [32 men and 45 women; mean age (SD), 39.7 (13.4) years] assessed, 28 were H. pylori uninfected, 28 were infected, and 21 were eradicated. DOR values were significantly high (< 0.05) for the following H. pylori cases:uninfected cases with RAC (11.5), linear erythema (24.5), hemorrhage (4.1), and FGP (34.5); for infected cases with atrophic change (8.67), rugal hyperplasia (15.8), edema (14.2), spotty erythema (11.5), and exudate (3.52); and for eradicated cases with atrophic change (32.4) and MPE (103.0). Kappa values were excellent for FGP (0.93), good for RAC (0.63), hemorrhage (0.79), atrophic change (0.74), and MPE (0.75), moderate for linear erythema (0.51), rugal hyperplasia (0.49), edema (0.58), spotty erythema (0.47), and exudate (0.46), and poor for xanthoma (0.19). CONCLUSION:The endoscopic findings of RAC, hemorrhage, FGP, atrophic change, and MPE will be useful for predicting H. pylori infection status.
基金This study was supported by The National Twelfth Five-year Mega-Scientific Projects of infectious diseases of China(grant No.:2013ZX10003004-001)the funder had no contribution to study design,data collection and analysis,result interpretation and paper writing.
文摘Background:China is facing challenges of the shifting presentation of tuberculosis(TB)from younger to elderly due to an ageing population,longer life expectancy and reactivation disease.However,the burden of elderly TB and influence factors are not yet clear.To fill the gap,we generated a cohort study to measure the magnitude of TB incidence and associated factors among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in China.Methods:In this cohort established in 2013 through a prevalence survey conducted in selected sites,a total of 34076 elderlies without TB were enrolled into two-year follow-up.We used both active and passive case findings to find out all TB patients among them.The person-year(PY)incidence rates for both bacteriologically positive TB and active TB were calculated.Cox proportional regression model was performed to test effect of risk factors,and the population attributable fraction(PAF)of each risk factor contributing to incident TB among elderlies was calculated.Results:Over the two-year follow-up period,a total of 215 incident active TB were identified,62 of which were bacteriologically positive.The incidence rates for active TB and bacteriologically positive TB were 481.8 per 100000 PY(95%CI:417.4–546.2 per 100000 PY)and 138.9 per 100000 PY(95%CI:104.4–173.5 per 100000 PY),respectively.Incident cases detected by active case finding were significantly higher(P<0.001).Male,non-Han nationality,previously treated TB,ex/current smoker and body mass index(BMI)<18.5 presented as independent predictors for developing TB disease.For developing bacteriologically positive TB,the biggest contribution was from self-reported ex or current smoker(18.06%).And,for developing active TB,the biggest contribution was from non-Han nationality(35.40%),followed by male(26.80%)and age at 75 years and above(10.85%).Conclusions:Ageing population in China had a high TB incidence rate and risk to develop TB disease,implying that National TB Program(NTP)needs to prioritize for elderly.Active case finding should be app
基金This work was supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2014B020202010)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(201704020003 and 2014Y2-00164)+1 种基金YangFan Innovative and Entepreneurial Research Team Project(2014YT02H013)the earmarked fund for Guangdong Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(2016LM112).
文摘Red pitaya(Hylocereus polyrhizus)fruit is a high-value,functional food,containing a high level of betalains.Several genes potentially related to betalain biosynthesis,such as cytochrome P450-like(CytP450-like),have been identified in pitaya fruit,while their transcriptional regulation remains unclear.In this work,the potential involvement of a WRKY transcription factor,HpWRKY44,in regulating CytP450-like1 expression in pitaya fruit was examined.HpWRKY44,a member of the Group 1 WRKY family,contains two conserved WRKY motifs and is localized in the nucleus.HpWRKY44 also exhibits trans-activation ability.Gene expression analysis showed that the expression of HpCytP450-like1 and HpWRKY44 increased steadily during pitaya fruit coloration,which corresponded with the production of elevated betalain levels in the fruit.HpWRKY44 was also demonstrated to directly bind to and activate the HpCytP450-like1 promoter via the recognition of the W-box element present in the promoter.Collectively,our findings indicate that HpWRKY44 transcriptionally activates HpCytP450-like1,which perhaps,at least in part,contributes to betalain biosynthesis in pitaya fruit.The information provided in the current study provides novel insights into the regulatory network associated with betalain biosynthesis during pitaya fruit coloration.
文摘The academic world is still uncertain about the classification of Taisui. It is debating whether Taisui is living or not, myxomycete complex or fungi. The passage studies the 228 finding reports of Taisui in modern China. It confirms that the first finding time of Taisui in modern China is 1963, and the first reported time is 1992. Taisui has been found in 25 administrative divisions. Taisui occurs the most times in Shandong Province. Besides, provinces where Taisui has been found most times are in northern China. Finding locations of Taisui vary from place to place. Taisui is most often found in normal earth layer, with different burying depth. Taisui is mainly found through seeing, tramping, and digging. Taisui findings lack subjective motivations and are connected with the life and production of the finders. Conclusion: Taisui is an object growing in earth layer.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71473123,71333008)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)
文摘This article analyses the technical and environmental efficiency of hog production in China using data from the China Agricultural Product Cost-Benefit Compilation（NDRC 2005–2013） and the First National Census of Pollution： Manual of Discharge Coefficient of Livestock and Poultry Industry（IEDA and NIES 2009）. The empirical results show a great variation in environmental efficiency, ranging from 0.344 to 0.973 with a mean value of 0.672 that declines over time. Southwest China is found to be the most environmentally efficient region, while the Northeast and the Northwest are the least efficient. Another finding is that technical and environmental efficiencies are highly correlated in hog production; the most environmentally efficient regions are usually found to have high technical efficiency, and vice versa. In addition, we computed the output elasticities with respect to each factor input. The results show that feed is the most efficient input, with an output elasticity of approximately 0.551, which is much higher than the elasticity of the nitrogen surplus, other capital or labour. The output elasticity with respect to the nitrogen surplus is 0.287 on average. Finally, the scale elasticity in hog production is slightly higher than 1.
文摘Imaging laser radar can give intensity and range images,which provide integrated 3-dimensional (3D) information about objects.However, dropouts and range anomalies exacerbate range images, which makes their background cluttered and target blurred.For background suppression,a new algorithm that combines intensity image and its mean is presented.By using this algorithm to process actual laser radar range images, most background noises are suppressed.According to range anomalies characteristics,multitemplate selection order mean filtering algorithm is presented and used for actual ladar range images where the distance between two targets is 77 m. This algorithm obtains the clear range image in which the interval of two objects is 75 m.The result shows that the processing algorithm is correct and effective.
基金by the Natural Science Foundation of China(#81761128013,81571522,91642105,81361120388,31300727,91542114,91442112,91542000 and 81330071)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Basic Science Project 2013CB944902).
文摘Natural killer(NK)cells represent a heterogeneous population of innate lymphocytes with phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets.In particular,recent studies have identified a unique subset of NK cells residing within the liver that are maintained as tissue-resident cells,confer antigen-specific memory responses and exhibit different phenotypical and developmental characteristics compared with conventional NK(cNK)cells.These findings have encouraged researchers to uncover tissue-resident NK cells at other sites,and detailed analyses have revealed that these tissue-resident NK cells share many similarities with liver-resident NK cells and tissue-resident memory T cells.Here,we present a brief historical perspective on the discovery of liver-resident NK cells and discuss their relationship to cNK cells and other emerging NK cell subsets and their potential functions.
基金supported by the China Geological Survey (No.1212010011810)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U0833601)the Key Laboratory Open Foundation of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(No.ZS1113)
文摘Wide distribution of Cambrian salt-bearing basins is a prominent feature of older strata in Asia. The Cambrian salt-bearing sequences are mainly distributed in East Siberia of Russia, Iran, Oman, India, Pakistan, and China. The Cambrian was one of the most important epochs of potash deposition in the world. Potash salts are found in East Siberia, Iran, India, and Pakistan, and, among them, one of the largest potash deposits in the world-the Siberian Nepa Potash Basin-formed in the Early Cambrian. The Cambrian was also one of the most important epochs of rock gypsum and salt deposition in China. Gypsum deposits occur in all the three major continental blocks of China （Yangtze Block, North China Block, and Tarim Block）, forming four large marine salt-bearing basins. Extensive, thick rock salt deposits have been found in the Yangtze Block and Tarim Block, where better potashbearing hydrochemical manifestations and leaching coefficient anomalies have been found for the first time. In the North China Block, a number of gypsum deposits and occurrences have been observed and Cambrian high-salinity brine and halite crystals found in oil wells. This study for the first time relatively completely analyzes the distribution and tempo-spatial evolution of Cambrian gypsum and salt-bearing basins in China, which provide an important basis for the study of the history of Cambrian paleogeographic evolution over the globe and salt and potash exploration in Cambrian salt-bearing basins of China.
基金This work was supported by the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31330068)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601735)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-27).
文摘Marssonina apple blotch,caused by Diplocarpon mali,is one of the most serious diseases of apple.Autophagy plays a key role in pathogen resistance.We previously showed that MdATG18a has a positive influence on drought tolerance.Herein,we describe how overexpression(OE)of MdATG18a enhances resistance to D.mali infection,probably because less H2O2 but more salicylic acid(SA)is accumulated in the leaves of OE apple plants.Expression of chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,and SA-related marker genes was induced more strongly by D.mali in OE lines.Transcript levels of other important MdATG genes were also drastically increased by D.mali in OE plants,which indicated increased autophagy activities.Taken together,these results demonstrate that OE of MdATG18a enhances resistance to infection by D.mali and plays positive roles in H2O2-scavenging and SA accumulations.Our findings provide important information for designing strategies which could induce autophagy to minimize the impact of this disease on apple production.
基金supported by the grant 2015N20002-1 from the Department of Science and Technology of Fujian Province,US National Science Foundation(NSF)Plant Genome Research Program Award DBI-1546890the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31701889).
文摘The ripening of papaya is a physiological and metabolic process associated with accumulation of carotenoids,alternation of flesh color and flavor,which depending on genotype and external factors such as light and hormone.Transcription factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis have not been analyzed during papaya fruit ripening.RNA-Seq experiments were implemented using different ripening stages of papaya fruit from two papaya varieties.Cis-elements in lycopeneβ-cyclase genes(CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B)were identified,and followed by genome-wide analysis to identify transcription factors binding to these cis-elements,resulting in the identification of CpbHLH1 and CpbHLH2,two bHLH genes.The expressions of CpbHLH1/2 were changed during fruit development,coupled with transcript increase of carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes including CpCYC-B,CpLCY-B,CpPDS2,CpZDS,CpLCY-E,and CpCHY-B.Yeast onehybrid(Y1H)and transient expression assay revealed that CpbHLH1/2 could bind to the promoters of CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B,and regulate their transcriptions.In response to strong light,the results of elevated expression of carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes and the changed expression of CpbHLH1/2 indicated that CpbHLH1/2 were involved in light-mediated mechanisms of regulating critical genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Collectively,our findings demonstrated several TF family members participating in the regulation of carotenoid genes and proved that CpbHLH1 and CpbHLH2 individually regulated the transcription of lycopeneβ-cyclase genes(CpCYC-B and CpLCY-B).This study yielded novel findings on regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis during papaya fruit ripening.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(20776058)New Century Training Programme Foundation for the Talents by the State Education Commission (NCET-06-0646)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to isolate and identify a taxol-producing endophytic fungus from Taxus media. [Method] 32 strains of endophytic fungi were identified form the inner bark of T. media,and their fermentation products were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [Result] Through the screening,a strain of taxol-producing endophytic fungi M57 was obtained,which could produce 45-50 μg/L of taxol,and M57 was defined as Rhizopus sp. through morphological observation and 18S rDNA sequence analysis. [Conclusion] The finding of Rhizopus sp. M57 provided a promising strain for producing taxol with taxol-producing fungi fermentation process.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2018YFD1000104)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the Specialized Research Fund for Major Science and Technique of Zhejiang Province of China(2016C02052-4 and 2018C02011).
文摘Dormancy-associated MADS-box(DAM)genes serve as crucial regulators of the endodormancy cycle in rosaceous plants.Although pear DAM genes have been identified previously,the lack of a high-quality reference genome and techniques to study gene function have prevented accurate genome-wide analysis and functional verification of such genes.Additionally,the contribution of other genes to the regulation of endodormancy release remains poorly understood.In this study,a high-quality genome assembly for'Cuiguan'pear(Pyrus pyrifolia),which is a leading cultivar with a low chilling requirement cultivated in China,was constructed using PacBio and Hi-C technologies.Using this genome sequence,we revealed that pear DAM genes were tandemly clustered on Chr8 and Chr15 and were differentially expressed in the buds between'Cuiguan'and the high-chilling-requirement cultivar'Suli'during the dormancy cycle.Using a virus-induced gene silencing system,we determined the repressive effects of DAM genes on bud break.Several novel genes potentially involved in the regulation of endodormancy release were identified by RNA sequencing and H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses of‘Suli'buds during artificial chilling using the new reference genome.Our findings enrich the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism underlying endodormancy release and chilling requirements and provide a foundation for the practical regulation of dormancy release in fruit trees as an adaptation to climate change.
基金This work was partially supported by the 973 Program of China （2014CB340701） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 61003026）.
文摘Memory leaks are a common type of defect that is hard to detect manually. Existing memory leak detection tools suffer from lack of precise interprocedural analysis and path-sensitivity. To address this problem, we present a static interprocedural analysis algorithm, that performs fully pathsensitive analysis and captures precise function behaviors, to detect memory leak in C programs. The proposed algorithm uses path-sensitive symbolic execution to track memory actions in different program paths guarded by path conditions. A novel analysis model called memory state transition graph （MSTG） is proposed to describe the tracking process and its results. In order to do interprocedural analysis, the proposed algorithm generates a summary for each procedure from MSTG and applies the summary at the procedure＇s call sites. A prototype tool called Melton is implemented for this procedure. Melton was applied to five open source C programs and 41 leaks were found. More than 90% of these leaks were subsequently confirmed and fixed by their maintainers. For comparison with other tools, Melton was also applied to some programs in standard performance evaluation corporation （SPEC） CPU 2000 benchmark suite and detected more leaks than the state of the art approaches.
文摘Background: The community tuberculosis care program was started to reduce the impact of TB and increase successful treatment outcomes, thus contributing to meeting WHO targets on TB. According to the Botswana Ministry of Health, community tuberculosis care was introduced with the main goal of reducing tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality among communities through the expansion of direct observed therapy and community involvement to community settings. The community caregivers were to support tuberculosis patients throughout their treatment period until they were cured or had completed their treatment. Settings: Two major cities of Botswana, Francistown and Gaborone, with more than twenty-two health clinics offering tuberculosis care. Objective: To investigate community caregivers’ experiences and identify programmatic strategies to improve active TB case findings under the community TB care (CTBC) program in Botswana during 2016-2021. Methods: We adopted a descriptive qualitative research design, followed by convenience purposive sampling. We obtained consent and interviewed 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria, 16 out of 73 in Gaborone and 24 out of 38 from Francistown. Results: We interviewed 40 caregivers with a mean age of 43.4 years. Accepting the caregiving role was identified as the main experience by more than two thirds of the caregivers. While at least more than two-fifth felt obligated to care for the patient at home due to personal relations. More than half of the respondents found caregiving difficult or frustrating due to some challenges encountered during the caregiving role. Behavioral modifications were suggested under different subthemes as strategies to improve active case finding. [-rId13-]Conclusion: Acceptance was the major experience in CTBC. Intensification of known programmatic strategies was suggested by caregivers to improve tuberculosis active case finding in CTBC.
