When considering electromagnetism, the unit of the Ammeter’s measurement should be limited to its proper unit in “Watt/Volt” which is, according to physical principles, the division quotient of the measured electri...When considering electromagnetism, the unit of the Ammeter’s measurement should be limited to its proper unit in “Watt/Volt” which is, according to physical principles, the division quotient of the measured electrical power by its electrical potential. However, the Ammeter’s reading has also a traditional definition as the rate of flow of electric charges whose unit is “Ampere”. According to recent studies that define the electric charge as energy possessing an electric potential, such traditional definition is wrong as the Ammeter’s reading should, then, has the unit “Watt”. Such duality of the Ammeter’s reading is due to the wrong definition of electric charges as electrons and insertion of the “Ampere”, as a wrong unit of the flow of electric charges. This duality represents a “redundancy” in electromagnetism as the proper Ammeter’s reading, in Watt/Volt, is a unit of entropy of the flowing energy charges. Such redundancy led to further redundancies in the field of electromagnetism. In this article, it is followed the impacts of inserting the “Ampere” as illogic unit and it is derived the proper modifications of the results of replacing the “Ampere” by its logical substitute “Watt/Volt”. Such modifications lead to a robust definition of the electron as an elementary particle which has an elementary charge of energy 1.602 × 10<sup>-19</sup> Joules and has a negative electric potential of 1 Volt and to a proper definition of the protons as elementary particles which are charged by a similar charge of electron, but it has a positive potential of 1 Volt. Additionally, the electron-volt is properly defined as an elementary charge whose energy is 1.602 × 10<sup>-19</sup> Joules and whose potential is ±1 Volt. Such modifications also lead to improve the understanding of magnetic induction and modifying the equations that characterize the performance of electric machines. The truth of such innovative understandings is verified analytically and experimentally in this article展开更多
对200 k V交联聚乙烯直流电缆进行了预鉴定试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了预鉴定试验前后交联聚乙烯主绝缘层内侧材料的理化特性,并在30~90℃下对主绝缘层内侧切片试样的极化电流以及去极化电流进行检测,...对200 k V交联聚乙烯直流电缆进行了预鉴定试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了预鉴定试验前后交联聚乙烯主绝缘层内侧材料的理化特性,并在30~90℃下对主绝缘层内侧切片试样的极化电流以及去极化电流进行检测,分析了预鉴定试验对交联聚乙烯电导特性的影响。结果表明:交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘层内侧材料中的主要交联副产物为甲基苯乙烯、苯乙酮和苯甲醇,经预鉴定试验中的冷、热循环老化后,3种主要交联副产物含量均明显下降,表明预鉴定试验可促进交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘层内侧交联副产物的脱离,从而使得电缆绝缘层内侧交联副产物含量下降;交联聚乙烯的电导特性与交联副产物含量密切相关,预鉴定试验后主要交联副产物的含量下降,减少了由副产物等杂质高电场解离形成的离子含量,从而有效降低了交联聚乙烯的电导率;电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘的结晶度在预鉴定试验后略有上升,对应的陷阱深度变浅,松弛过程变快;对去极化电流曲线使用三阶指数模型进行拟合,发现经预鉴定试验电缆的松弛时间常数均小于未试验电缆。受无定形区与晶区的界面极化以及交联副产物影响的松弛过程所对应的时间常数随着温度的上升呈先增大后减小的趋势。展开更多
文摘When considering electromagnetism, the unit of the Ammeter’s measurement should be limited to its proper unit in “Watt/Volt” which is, according to physical principles, the division quotient of the measured electrical power by its electrical potential. However, the Ammeter’s reading has also a traditional definition as the rate of flow of electric charges whose unit is “Ampere”. According to recent studies that define the electric charge as energy possessing an electric potential, such traditional definition is wrong as the Ammeter’s reading should, then, has the unit “Watt”. Such duality of the Ammeter’s reading is due to the wrong definition of electric charges as electrons and insertion of the “Ampere”, as a wrong unit of the flow of electric charges. This duality represents a “redundancy” in electromagnetism as the proper Ammeter’s reading, in Watt/Volt, is a unit of entropy of the flowing energy charges. Such redundancy led to further redundancies in the field of electromagnetism. In this article, it is followed the impacts of inserting the “Ampere” as illogic unit and it is derived the proper modifications of the results of replacing the “Ampere” by its logical substitute “Watt/Volt”. Such modifications lead to a robust definition of the electron as an elementary particle which has an elementary charge of energy 1.602 × 10<sup>-19</sup> Joules and has a negative electric potential of 1 Volt and to a proper definition of the protons as elementary particles which are charged by a similar charge of electron, but it has a positive potential of 1 Volt. Additionally, the electron-volt is properly defined as an elementary charge whose energy is 1.602 × 10<sup>-19</sup> Joules and whose potential is ±1 Volt. Such modifications also lead to improve the understanding of magnetic induction and modifying the equations that characterize the performance of electric machines. The truth of such innovative understandings is verified analytically and experimentally in this article
文摘对200 k V交联聚乙烯直流电缆进行了预鉴定试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了预鉴定试验前后交联聚乙烯主绝缘层内侧材料的理化特性,并在30~90℃下对主绝缘层内侧切片试样的极化电流以及去极化电流进行检测,分析了预鉴定试验对交联聚乙烯电导特性的影响。结果表明:交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘层内侧材料中的主要交联副产物为甲基苯乙烯、苯乙酮和苯甲醇,经预鉴定试验中的冷、热循环老化后,3种主要交联副产物含量均明显下降,表明预鉴定试验可促进交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘层内侧交联副产物的脱离,从而使得电缆绝缘层内侧交联副产物含量下降;交联聚乙烯的电导特性与交联副产物含量密切相关,预鉴定试验后主要交联副产物的含量下降,减少了由副产物等杂质高电场解离形成的离子含量,从而有效降低了交联聚乙烯的电导率;电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘的结晶度在预鉴定试验后略有上升,对应的陷阱深度变浅,松弛过程变快;对去极化电流曲线使用三阶指数模型进行拟合,发现经预鉴定试验电缆的松弛时间常数均小于未试验电缆。受无定形区与晶区的界面极化以及交联副产物影响的松弛过程所对应的时间常数随着温度的上升呈先增大后减小的趋势。
