确定合理施氮量是获得较高目标产量、维持土壤氮肥力和降低施氮引起环境污染的关键。自一个世纪前氮肥发明和施用以来,尽管已经开展了上百年的研究,但尚未找到令人满意能够在田块尺度上方便的确定合理施氮量方法。本文在前期提出的作物...确定合理施氮量是获得较高目标产量、维持土壤氮肥力和降低施氮引起环境污染的关键。自一个世纪前氮肥发明和施用以来,尽管已经开展了上百年的研究,但尚未找到令人满意能够在田块尺度上方便的确定合理施氮量方法。本文在前期提出的作物理论施氮量概念和方法基础上,进一步推导出在考虑其他来源氮素输入情况下,根据百千克收获物需氮量确定理论施氮量的计算式。结果表明,在确定了百千克收获物需氮量(N100,kg)后,推荐施氮量(Nfert,N kg hm-2)是目标产量(Y,kg hm-2)的唯一函数,即理论施氮量Nfert≈Y/100×N100。综合各种文献报道结果,在当前生产条件和产量水平下,小麦、玉米、水稻的百千克收获物需氮量分别取值为2.8、2.3和2.4 kg。应用大量文献报道的田间试验结果,对理论施氮量和经济最佳施氮量进行了比较。在绝大多数情况下,两者非常接近。但东北的小麦、玉米和水稻的理论施氮量远高于区域氮肥推荐量。主要原因是氮素矿化作用大于固持作用,作物利用了部分土壤矿化氮,土壤有机氮处于消耗状态。结合理论施氮量,本文详细解析了近年来我国建立的推荐施氮量方法的科学基础、推荐结果及适用性。认为将我国大面积生产中过量和不足施氮调节到合理施氮量范围,是当前和今后一段时期的紧迫任务。理论施氮量从长期维持高产稳产、土壤氮素平衡和低环境风险考虑,即可满足这种实际需求。推广技术员和农户能够根据自己地块的目标产量用口算确定出施氮量,简便易行。展开更多
Asia embraces a wide range of cropping environments, largely related to the diversity of climate. To meet the high food requirements of a very large population (some 59% of the earth's total) large inputs of miner...Asia embraces a wide range of cropping environments, largely related to the diversity of climate. To meet the high food requirements of a very large population (some 59% of the earth's total) large inputs of mineral N fertilizer are required (44.2 Tg N.yr-1 in the mid 1990s).However, because of the low (20%-50%) overall efficiency of use of fertilizer N, sometimes coupled with heavy use in intensively-farmed areas (for example in parts of China), losses of fertilizer N from agricultural land are expected to be high. Part of the N lost is thought to cause pollution of the atmosphere and water resources.A sub-regional approach, based on the FAO Agroecological Zone (AEZ) concept, has the potential to provide meaningful assessments of the agricultural and environmental dimensions of N.The AEZ concept can also provide the rationale for locating Sub-regional Centers of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) by basing the considerations, as far as practicable, on agroecological conditions.展开更多
The burrowing and feeding activities of earthworms may have a strong effect on the flux of N2O from agricultural soils. As such, shifts to agricultural management practices that increase the number of earthworms requi...The burrowing and feeding activities of earthworms may have a strong effect on the flux of N2O from agricultural soils. As such, shifts to agricultural management practices that increase the number of earthworms require an understanding of the role of earthworms in N2O dynamics. We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of addition of anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) on N2O flux in a field previously planted with corn (Zea mays) in southern Rhode Island, USA. Plots were amended with (15NH4)2SO4 and either 0 (CTL) or 48 L. terrestris m-2 (EW). The flux of N2O, 15N2O and 15N2 was measured over 28 days between October and November 2008. The EW treatment had a significantly higher flux of N2O and 15N2O 1 - 3 days after 15NH4 addition. No treatment effects were observed on 15N2 flux. The addition of earthworms significantly increased (Day 1) and decreased (Day 12) the mole fraction of N2O relative to the CTL. Our results suggest that anecic earthworm additions can increase N2O flux from inorganic fertilizer N amendments, but the effects appear to short-lived.展开更多
文摘确定合理施氮量是获得较高目标产量、维持土壤氮肥力和降低施氮引起环境污染的关键。自一个世纪前氮肥发明和施用以来,尽管已经开展了上百年的研究,但尚未找到令人满意能够在田块尺度上方便的确定合理施氮量方法。本文在前期提出的作物理论施氮量概念和方法基础上,进一步推导出在考虑其他来源氮素输入情况下,根据百千克收获物需氮量确定理论施氮量的计算式。结果表明,在确定了百千克收获物需氮量(N100,kg)后,推荐施氮量(Nfert,N kg hm-2)是目标产量(Y,kg hm-2)的唯一函数,即理论施氮量Nfert≈Y/100×N100。综合各种文献报道结果,在当前生产条件和产量水平下,小麦、玉米、水稻的百千克收获物需氮量分别取值为2.8、2.3和2.4 kg。应用大量文献报道的田间试验结果,对理论施氮量和经济最佳施氮量进行了比较。在绝大多数情况下,两者非常接近。但东北的小麦、玉米和水稻的理论施氮量远高于区域氮肥推荐量。主要原因是氮素矿化作用大于固持作用,作物利用了部分土壤矿化氮,土壤有机氮处于消耗状态。结合理论施氮量,本文详细解析了近年来我国建立的推荐施氮量方法的科学基础、推荐结果及适用性。认为将我国大面积生产中过量和不足施氮调节到合理施氮量范围,是当前和今后一段时期的紧迫任务。理论施氮量从长期维持高产稳产、土壤氮素平衡和低环境风险考虑,即可满足这种实际需求。推广技术员和农户能够根据自己地块的目标产量用口算确定出施氮量,简便易行。
文摘Asia embraces a wide range of cropping environments, largely related to the diversity of climate. To meet the high food requirements of a very large population (some 59% of the earth's total) large inputs of mineral N fertilizer are required (44.2 Tg N.yr-1 in the mid 1990s).However, because of the low (20%-50%) overall efficiency of use of fertilizer N, sometimes coupled with heavy use in intensively-farmed areas (for example in parts of China), losses of fertilizer N from agricultural land are expected to be high. Part of the N lost is thought to cause pollution of the atmosphere and water resources.A sub-regional approach, based on the FAO Agroecological Zone (AEZ) concept, has the potential to provide meaningful assessments of the agricultural and environmental dimensions of N.The AEZ concept can also provide the rationale for locating Sub-regional Centers of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) by basing the considerations, as far as practicable, on agroecological conditions.
文摘The burrowing and feeding activities of earthworms may have a strong effect on the flux of N2O from agricultural soils. As such, shifts to agricultural management practices that increase the number of earthworms require an understanding of the role of earthworms in N2O dynamics. We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of addition of anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) on N2O flux in a field previously planted with corn (Zea mays) in southern Rhode Island, USA. Plots were amended with (15NH4)2SO4 and either 0 (CTL) or 48 L. terrestris m-2 (EW). The flux of N2O, 15N2O and 15N2 was measured over 28 days between October and November 2008. The EW treatment had a significantly higher flux of N2O and 15N2O 1 - 3 days after 15NH4 addition. No treatment effects were observed on 15N2 flux. The addition of earthworms significantly increased (Day 1) and decreased (Day 12) the mole fraction of N2O relative to the CTL. Our results suggest that anecic earthworm additions can increase N2O flux from inorganic fertilizer N amendments, but the effects appear to short-lived.
