In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homol- ogous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 （TFL1）. The florigen FT promotes the transitio...In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homol- ogous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 （TFL1）. The florigen FT promotes the transition to reproductive development and flowering, while TFL1 represses this transition. Despite their importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement and their extensive study by the plant community, the molecular mechanisms controlling the opposing actions of FT and TFL1 have remained mysterious. Recent studies in multiple species have unveiled diverse roles of the FT/TFL 1 gene family in developmental processes other than flowering regulation. In addition, the striking evolution of FT homologs into flowering repressors has occurred independently in several species during the evolution of flowering plants. These reports indicate that the FT/TFL1 gene family is a major target of evolution in nature. Here, we comprehen- sively survey the conserved and diverse functions of the FTITFL1 gene family throughout the plant kingdom, summarize new findings regarding the unique evolution of FT in multiple species, and highlight recent work elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these proteins.展开更多
The timing of floral transition is critical to reproductive success in angiosperms and is genetically controlled by a network of flowering genes. In Arabidopsis, expression of certain flowering genes is regulated by v...The timing of floral transition is critical to reproductive success in angiosperms and is genetically controlled by a network of flowering genes. In Arabidopsis, expression of certain flowering genes is regulated by various chromatin modifications, among which are two central regulators of flowering, namely FLOWERING LOCUS C （FLC） and FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT）. Recent studies have revealed that a number of chromatin-modifying components are involved in activation or repression of FLC expression. Activation of FLC expression is associated with various ＇active＇ chromatln modifications including acetylation of core histone tails, histone H3 lysine-4 （H3K4） methylation, H2B monoubiquitination, H3 lysine-36 （H3K36） di- and tri-methylation and deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z, whereas various ＇repressive＇ histone mod- ifications are associated with FLC repression, including histone deacetylation, H3K4 demethylation, histone H3 lysine-9 （H3K9） and H3 lysine-27 （H3K27） methylation, and histone arginine methylation. In addition, recent studies have revealed that Polycomb group gene-mediated transcriptional-silencing mechanism not only represses FLC expression, but also directly represses FTexpression. Regulation of FLC expression provides a paradigm for control of the expression of other developmental genes in plants through chromatin mechanisms.展开更多
Soil salinity is one of the most serious agricultural problems that significantly reduce crop yields in the aridand semi-arid regions. It influences various phases of plant growth and developmental processes, such as ...Soil salinity is one of the most serious agricultural problems that significantly reduce crop yields in the aridand semi-arid regions. It influences various phases of plant growth and developmental processes, such as seed germina-tion, leaf and stem growth, and reproductive propagation. Salt stress delays the onset of flowering in many plant spe-cies. We have previously reported that the Arabidopsis BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 （BFT） acts as a floral repressor undersalt stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the BFT function in the salt regulation of flowering inductionis unknown. In this work, we found that BFT delays flowering under high salinity by competing with FLOWERING LOCUST （FT） for binding to the FD transcription factor. The flowering time of FD-deficient fd-2 mutant was insensitive to highsalinity. BFT interacts with FD in the nucleus via the C-terminal domain of FD, which is also required for the interactionof FD with FT, and interferes with the FT-FD interaction. These observations indicate that BFT constitutes a distinct saltstress signaling pathway that modulates the function of the FT-FD module and possibly provides an adaptation strategythat fine-tunes photoperiodic flowering under high salinity.展开更多
The direct catalytic conversion of syngas to aromatics offers a promising route to manufacture fine chemicals by employing non-petroleum carbon resources,because aromatic constituents are the key platform for producin...The direct catalytic conversion of syngas to aromatics offers a promising route to manufacture fine chemicals by employing non-petroleum carbon resources,because aromatic constituents are the key platform for producing polymers.However,this remains a great challenge due to the low yield of aromatics and poor catalyst stability,which restrict further development.In recent years,extensive research has been reported on the design of effective catalysts and the optimization of operating conditions to obtain better catalytic performance.In this review,we focus on these related achievements and present a comprehensive overview of different kinds of catalysts,mainly including modified Fischer-Tropsch(FT)catalysts and composite catalysts,as well as their performance and reaction mechanisms.The thermodynamic analysis of the reactions involved in this innovative conversion process and the comparison of different methods are also described in detail in this updated review.Finally,the challenges and prospects for direct syngas conversion are discussed to provide general guidelines for the construction of a well-designed reaction route.展开更多
文摘In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homol- ogous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 （TFL1）. The florigen FT promotes the transition to reproductive development and flowering, while TFL1 represses this transition. Despite their importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement and their extensive study by the plant community, the molecular mechanisms controlling the opposing actions of FT and TFL1 have remained mysterious. Recent studies in multiple species have unveiled diverse roles of the FT/TFL 1 gene family in developmental processes other than flowering regulation. In addition, the striking evolution of FT homologs into flowering repressors has occurred independently in several species during the evolution of flowering plants. These reports indicate that the FT/TFL1 gene family is a major target of evolution in nature. Here, we comprehen- sively survey the conserved and diverse functions of the FTITFL1 gene family throughout the plant kingdom, summarize new findings regarding the unique evolution of FT in multiple species, and highlight recent work elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these proteins.
文摘The timing of floral transition is critical to reproductive success in angiosperms and is genetically controlled by a network of flowering genes. In Arabidopsis, expression of certain flowering genes is regulated by various chromatin modifications, among which are two central regulators of flowering, namely FLOWERING LOCUS C （FLC） and FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT）. Recent studies have revealed that a number of chromatin-modifying components are involved in activation or repression of FLC expression. Activation of FLC expression is associated with various ＇active＇ chromatln modifications including acetylation of core histone tails, histone H3 lysine-4 （H3K4） methylation, H2B monoubiquitination, H3 lysine-36 （H3K36） di- and tri-methylation and deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z, whereas various ＇repressive＇ histone mod- ifications are associated with FLC repression, including histone deacetylation, H3K4 demethylation, histone H3 lysine-9 （H3K9） and H3 lysine-27 （H3K27） methylation, and histone arginine methylation. In addition, recent studies have revealed that Polycomb group gene-mediated transcriptional-silencing mechanism not only represses FLC expression, but also directly represses FTexpression. Regulation of FLC expression provides a paradigm for control of the expression of other developmental genes in plants through chromatin mechanisms.
文摘Soil salinity is one of the most serious agricultural problems that significantly reduce crop yields in the aridand semi-arid regions. It influences various phases of plant growth and developmental processes, such as seed germina-tion, leaf and stem growth, and reproductive propagation. Salt stress delays the onset of flowering in many plant spe-cies. We have previously reported that the Arabidopsis BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 （BFT） acts as a floral repressor undersalt stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the BFT function in the salt regulation of flowering inductionis unknown. In this work, we found that BFT delays flowering under high salinity by competing with FLOWERING LOCUST （FT） for binding to the FD transcription factor. The flowering time of FD-deficient fd-2 mutant was insensitive to highsalinity. BFT interacts with FD in the nucleus via the C-terminal domain of FD, which is also required for the interactionof FD with FT, and interferes with the FT-FD interaction. These observations indicate that BFT constitutes a distinct saltstress signaling pathway that modulates the function of the FT-FD module and possibly provides an adaptation strategythat fine-tunes photoperiodic flowering under high salinity.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0202804)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB17020400)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS for financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(21506204,21476226)Dalian Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(2016RJ04)~~
文摘The direct catalytic conversion of syngas to aromatics offers a promising route to manufacture fine chemicals by employing non-petroleum carbon resources,because aromatic constituents are the key platform for producing polymers.However,this remains a great challenge due to the low yield of aromatics and poor catalyst stability,which restrict further development.In recent years,extensive research has been reported on the design of effective catalysts and the optimization of operating conditions to obtain better catalytic performance.In this review,we focus on these related achievements and present a comprehensive overview of different kinds of catalysts,mainly including modified Fischer-Tropsch(FT)catalysts and composite catalysts,as well as their performance and reaction mechanisms.The thermodynamic analysis of the reactions involved in this innovative conversion process and the comparison of different methods are also described in detail in this updated review.Finally,the challenges and prospects for direct syngas conversion are discussed to provide general guidelines for the construction of a well-designed reaction route.
