干预-反应模型(Response to Intervention,RtI)是通过连续评估学生学业及行为表现指导教学的一种系统化三级模型,具有风险预防、循证实践和系统改变三大核心理念。RtI超越了对绩效责任的机械测量,聚焦教与学的动态过程,运用过程监测评...干预-反应模型(Response to Intervention,RtI)是通过连续评估学生学业及行为表现指导教学的一种系统化三级模型,具有风险预防、循证实践和系统改变三大核心理念。RtI超越了对绩效责任的机械测量,聚焦教与学的动态过程,运用过程监测评估教育效果,与美国教育绩效责任改革的主线一脉相承。干预-反应模型的发展折射出美国教育政策理念架构的新趋势,反映了科学匹配学生需求和教学内容、科学整合资源、促进融合教育的政策导向。展开更多
The fast development of biomaterials science and engineering has generated significant number of studies and publications as well as tremendous amount of research data.A methodology is needed to translate such researc...The fast development of biomaterials science and engineering has generated significant number of studies and publications as well as tremendous amount of research data.A methodology is needed to translate such research data and results to validated scientific evidence.This article for the first time proposes the concept and methodology of evidence-based biomaterials research,which is to use evidence-based research approach represented by systematic reviews to generate evidence for answering scientific questions related to biomaterials.After briefly introducing the advancement of biomaterials since 1950s,the scientific and engineering nature of biomaterials are discussed along with the roadmap of biomaterials translation from basic research to commercialized medical products,and the needs of scientific evidence.Key information of the evidence-based approach such as its origination from evidence-based medicine,levels of evidence,systematic review and meta-analysis,differences between systematic and narrative reviews is then highlighted.Applications with a step-by-step procedure of conducting evidence-based biomaterials research,three examples of biomaterials research using evidence-based approach to generate scientific evidence,and opportunities and challenges of evidence-based biomaterials research are presented.With its notable impact on the practice of medicine,the evidence-based approach is also expected to make influential contributions to the biomaterials field.展开更多
The aim is to synthesize the most contemporary qualitative research on the self-management of type 2 diabetes with specific interest in the population of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The electronic databases searched in...The aim is to synthesize the most contemporary qualitative research on the self-management of type 2 diabetes with specific interest in the population of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The electronic databases searched include the Cochrane library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO, between the year 1993 and 2013. The inclusion criteria was the middle-aged population aged 40 - 60 years. Studies must report qualitative research on diabetes self-management, diabetic complications, quality of life, and patient-doctor relationship or interaction. Out of the 36 identified studies, 30 studies from the literature search representing self-management in context suggest that the multiple contextual factors identified are the fertile ground for further research, and the context which is useful for health care professionals suggests that coping with diagnosis and living with diabetes are affected by a complex constellation of factors, including life circumstances, social support, gender roles and economy. Three conceptual themes were identified from the analysis. The review has revealed that there is a lack of studies in literature on self-management of type 2 diabetes in both the countries.展开更多
Predictive biomarkers are important to the future of oncology; they can be used to identify patient populations who will benefit from therapy, increase the value of cancer medicines, and decrease the size and cost of ...Predictive biomarkers are important to the future of oncology; they can be used to identify patient populations who will benefit from therapy, increase the value of cancer medicines, and decrease the size and cost of clinical trials while increasing their chance of success. But predictive biomarkers do not always work. When unsuccessful, they add cost, complexity, and time to drug development. This perspective describes phases 2 and 3 development methods that efficiently and adaptively check the ability of a biomarker to predict clinical outcomes. In the end, the biomarker is emphasized to the extent that it can actually predict.展开更多
文摘干预-反应模型(Response to Intervention,RtI)是通过连续评估学生学业及行为表现指导教学的一种系统化三级模型,具有风险预防、循证实践和系统改变三大核心理念。RtI超越了对绩效责任的机械测量,聚焦教与学的动态过程,运用过程监测评估教育效果,与美国教育绩效责任改革的主线一脉相承。干预-反应模型的发展折射出美国教育政策理念架构的新趋势,反映了科学匹配学生需求和教学内容、科学整合资源、促进融合教育的政策导向。
基金supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021YFS0020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873184).
文摘The fast development of biomaterials science and engineering has generated significant number of studies and publications as well as tremendous amount of research data.A methodology is needed to translate such research data and results to validated scientific evidence.This article for the first time proposes the concept and methodology of evidence-based biomaterials research,which is to use evidence-based research approach represented by systematic reviews to generate evidence for answering scientific questions related to biomaterials.After briefly introducing the advancement of biomaterials since 1950s,the scientific and engineering nature of biomaterials are discussed along with the roadmap of biomaterials translation from basic research to commercialized medical products,and the needs of scientific evidence.Key information of the evidence-based approach such as its origination from evidence-based medicine,levels of evidence,systematic review and meta-analysis,differences between systematic and narrative reviews is then highlighted.Applications with a step-by-step procedure of conducting evidence-based biomaterials research,three examples of biomaterials research using evidence-based approach to generate scientific evidence,and opportunities and challenges of evidence-based biomaterials research are presented.With its notable impact on the practice of medicine,the evidence-based approach is also expected to make influential contributions to the biomaterials field.
文摘The aim is to synthesize the most contemporary qualitative research on the self-management of type 2 diabetes with specific interest in the population of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The electronic databases searched include the Cochrane library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO, between the year 1993 and 2013. The inclusion criteria was the middle-aged population aged 40 - 60 years. Studies must report qualitative research on diabetes self-management, diabetic complications, quality of life, and patient-doctor relationship or interaction. Out of the 36 identified studies, 30 studies from the literature search representing self-management in context suggest that the multiple contextual factors identified are the fertile ground for further research, and the context which is useful for health care professionals suggests that coping with diagnosis and living with diabetes are affected by a complex constellation of factors, including life circumstances, social support, gender roles and economy. Three conceptual themes were identified from the analysis. The review has revealed that there is a lack of studies in literature on self-management of type 2 diabetes in both the countries.
文摘Predictive biomarkers are important to the future of oncology; they can be used to identify patient populations who will benefit from therapy, increase the value of cancer medicines, and decrease the size and cost of clinical trials while increasing their chance of success. But predictive biomarkers do not always work. When unsuccessful, they add cost, complexity, and time to drug development. This perspective describes phases 2 and 3 development methods that efficiently and adaptively check the ability of a biomarker to predict clinical outcomes. In the end, the biomarker is emphasized to the extent that it can actually predict.
