Objective Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway. Many picornaviruses induce autophagy to benefit viral replication, but an understanding of how autophagy occurs remains incomplete. In this ...Objective Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway. Many picornaviruses induce autophagy to benefit viral replication, but an understanding of how autophagy occurs remains incomplete. In this study, we explored whether coxsackievirus B3(CVB3) infection induced autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress. Methods In CVB3-infected HeLa cells, the specific molecules of ER stress and autophagy were detected using Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), and confocal microscopy. Then PKR-like ER protein kinase(PERK) inhibitor, inositol-requiring protein-1(IRE1) inhibitor, or activating transcription factor-6(ATF6) inhibitor worked on CVB3-infected cells, their effect on autophagy was assessed by Western blotting for detecting microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3). Results CVB3 infection induced ER stress, and ER stress sensors PERK/eIF2α, IRE1/XBP1, and ATF6 were activated. CVB3 infection increased the accumulation of green fluorescent protein(GFP)-LC3 punctuation and induced the conversion from LC3-Ⅰ to phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated LC3-1(LC3-Ⅱ). CVB3 infection still decreased the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) and p-mTOR. Inhibition of PERK, IRE1, or ATF6 significantly decreased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ to LC3-Ⅰ in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. Conclusion CVB3 infection induced autophagy through ER stress in HeL a cells, and PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 a pathways participated in the regulation of autophagy. Our data suggested that ER stress may inhibit mTOR signaling pathway to induce autophagy during CVB3 infection.展开更多
Recently we found that multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure alters the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagic genes, but the impact of biological molecules on this response is unclear. He...Recently we found that multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure alters the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagic genes, but the impact of biological molecules on this response is unclear. Herein, we compared the different actions of carboxylated MWCNTs (c-MWCNTs) pre-incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or BSA-complexed free fatty acid (denoted as FFA) on macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes (denoted as THP-1 macrophages). C-MWCNTs exhibited increased diameter and hydrodynamic size as well as decreased absolute zeta potential value after pre-incubation with BSA or FFA, which suggested a coating effect. Cytotoxicity or oxidative stress were not significantly induced after exposure to BSA-or FFA-coated c-MWCNTs. BSA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs significantly enhanced the expression of the ER stress gene, DDIT3 and the autophagic genes, ATG5, BECN1, and PLIN2, but the mRNA levels of these genes was significantly decreased by FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs. FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs induced significantly higher lipid accumulation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein level compared with BSA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs, which suggested that FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs may more effectively induce the formation of macrophage foam cells. Collectively, our data indicated that pre-incubation with FFA may influence c-MWCNT-induced ER stress/autophagic gene expression and foam cell formation in THP-1 macrophages.展开更多
目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂(EPO)诱导前列腺癌DU145细胞凋亡机制是否与内质网应激(Er-stress)有关。方法用不同浓度的EPO处理DU145细胞,MTS检测细胞生长情况;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测Er-stress...目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂(EPO)诱导前列腺癌DU145细胞凋亡机制是否与内质网应激(Er-stress)有关。方法用不同浓度的EPO处理DU145细胞,MTS检测细胞生长情况;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测Er-stress相关分子同源蛋白质(CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1)、剪接型X盒结合蛋白1信使核糖核酸(XBP-1s m RNA);Western blot检测CHOP和GRP78的表达。结果 EPO抑制DU145细胞生长,并且呈现浓度梯度依赖性,处理组细胞凋亡率高于未处理组,高剂量组凋亡率高于低剂量组。EPO处理后,CHOP、剪接型X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1s)、GRP78 m RNA明显升高,72 h最明显。低剂量组与高剂量组48 h CHOP和XBP-1s的表达比较差异均有统计学意义,两组48和72 h GRP78比较差异均有统计学意义。EPO处理后,XBP-1和XBP-1s基因转录水平升高,而XBP-1s随处理时间增长基因转录水平变化不明显。EPO处理后,CHOP和GRP78不断增加,72 h两种蛋白质均达到最高值,并且低剂量组与高剂量组在72 h比较差异有统计学意义。结论 EPO能抑制DU145细胞生长,诱导凋亡,其机制可能与激活Er-stress,诱发内质网的相关分子CHOP、XBP-1s、XBP-1、GRP78的表达有关。展开更多
基金supported by the China Mega-project for Infectious Disease [2018ZX10102001,2018ZX10711001,2018ZX10734401,and 2018ZX10734404]the SKLID Development Grant [2011SKLID104]
文摘Objective Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway. Many picornaviruses induce autophagy to benefit viral replication, but an understanding of how autophagy occurs remains incomplete. In this study, we explored whether coxsackievirus B3(CVB3) infection induced autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress. Methods In CVB3-infected HeLa cells, the specific molecules of ER stress and autophagy were detected using Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), and confocal microscopy. Then PKR-like ER protein kinase(PERK) inhibitor, inositol-requiring protein-1(IRE1) inhibitor, or activating transcription factor-6(ATF6) inhibitor worked on CVB3-infected cells, their effect on autophagy was assessed by Western blotting for detecting microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3). Results CVB3 infection induced ER stress, and ER stress sensors PERK/eIF2α, IRE1/XBP1, and ATF6 were activated. CVB3 infection increased the accumulation of green fluorescent protein(GFP)-LC3 punctuation and induced the conversion from LC3-Ⅰ to phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated LC3-1(LC3-Ⅱ). CVB3 infection still decreased the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) and p-mTOR. Inhibition of PERK, IRE1, or ATF6 significantly decreased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ to LC3-Ⅰ in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. Conclusion CVB3 infection induced autophagy through ER stress in HeL a cells, and PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 a pathways participated in the regulation of autophagy. Our data suggested that ER stress may inhibit mTOR signaling pathway to induce autophagy during CVB3 infection.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21707114)Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department (No. 17A205)
文摘Recently we found that multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure alters the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagic genes, but the impact of biological molecules on this response is unclear. Herein, we compared the different actions of carboxylated MWCNTs (c-MWCNTs) pre-incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or BSA-complexed free fatty acid (denoted as FFA) on macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes (denoted as THP-1 macrophages). C-MWCNTs exhibited increased diameter and hydrodynamic size as well as decreased absolute zeta potential value after pre-incubation with BSA or FFA, which suggested a coating effect. Cytotoxicity or oxidative stress were not significantly induced after exposure to BSA-or FFA-coated c-MWCNTs. BSA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs significantly enhanced the expression of the ER stress gene, DDIT3 and the autophagic genes, ATG5, BECN1, and PLIN2, but the mRNA levels of these genes was significantly decreased by FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs. FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs induced significantly higher lipid accumulation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein level compared with BSA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs, which suggested that FFA-pre-incubated c-MWCNTs may more effectively induce the formation of macrophage foam cells. Collectively, our data indicated that pre-incubation with FFA may influence c-MWCNT-induced ER stress/autophagic gene expression and foam cell formation in THP-1 macrophages.
文摘目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂(EPO)诱导前列腺癌DU145细胞凋亡机制是否与内质网应激(Er-stress)有关。方法用不同浓度的EPO处理DU145细胞,MTS检测细胞生长情况;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测Er-stress相关分子同源蛋白质(CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1)、剪接型X盒结合蛋白1信使核糖核酸(XBP-1s m RNA);Western blot检测CHOP和GRP78的表达。结果 EPO抑制DU145细胞生长,并且呈现浓度梯度依赖性,处理组细胞凋亡率高于未处理组,高剂量组凋亡率高于低剂量组。EPO处理后,CHOP、剪接型X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1s)、GRP78 m RNA明显升高,72 h最明显。低剂量组与高剂量组48 h CHOP和XBP-1s的表达比较差异均有统计学意义,两组48和72 h GRP78比较差异均有统计学意义。EPO处理后,XBP-1和XBP-1s基因转录水平升高,而XBP-1s随处理时间增长基因转录水平变化不明显。EPO处理后,CHOP和GRP78不断增加,72 h两种蛋白质均达到最高值,并且低剂量组与高剂量组在72 h比较差异有统计学意义。结论 EPO能抑制DU145细胞生长,诱导凋亡,其机制可能与激活Er-stress,诱发内质网的相关分子CHOP、XBP-1s、XBP-1、GRP78的表达有关。
