In the paper,daily near-surface wind speed data from 462 stations are used to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the annual and seasonal mean wind speed(MWS)and effective wind energy density(EWED)from 1960 to...In the paper,daily near-surface wind speed data from 462 stations are used to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the annual and seasonal mean wind speed(MWS)and effective wind energy density(EWED)from 1960 to 2016,through the methods of kriging interpolation,leastsquares,correlation coefficient testing,and empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.The results show that the annual MWS is larger than 3 m s-1 and the EWED is larger than 75 W m-2 in northern China and parts of coastal areas.However,the MWS and EWED values in southern China are all smaller than in northern China.Over the past 50 years,the annual and seasonal MWS in China has shown a significant decreasing trend,with the largest rate of decline in spring for northern China and winter for coastal areas.The annual MWS in some areas of Guangdong has an increasing trend,but it shows little change in southwestern China,South China,and west of Central China.Where the MWS is high,the rate of decline is also high.The main spatial distributions of the annual MWS and the annual EWED show high consistency,with a decreasing trend year by year.The decreasing trend of wind speed and wind energy resources in China is mainly related to global warming and land use/cover change.展开更多
基于现有大尺寸过冷水滴(supercooled large droplet,SLD)动力学特性,分析水滴变形对阻力的影响.并根据几种典型的反弹/飞溅模型,分析了SLD的阻力变化、反弹、飞溅等对水滴撞击特性的影响,采用软件FENSAP-ICE的飞溅模型和LEWICE 2.0的...基于现有大尺寸过冷水滴(supercooled large droplet,SLD)动力学特性,分析水滴变形对阻力的影响.并根据几种典型的反弹/飞溅模型,分析了SLD的阻力变化、反弹、飞溅等对水滴撞击特性的影响,采用软件FENSAP-ICE的飞溅模型和LEWICE 2.0的反弹模型研究了反弹及飞溅现象对冰形的影响.计算结果显示:水滴撞击前的破碎现象对水滴尺寸分布有较大的影响,进行撞击特性以及冰形计算的时候需进行考虑;SLD破碎、飞溅、反弹降低了局部水收集系数、减小了水滴撞击范围;飞溅现象主要发生在机翼前缘附近区域,反弹主要在撞击边缘区域;水滴直径增加,飞溅现象逐渐减弱,但边缘位置的反弹现象一直很明显.SLD变形带来的阻力影响对冰形及结冰区域影响很小;与未考虑飞溅及反弹现象得到的冰形比较,考虑飞溅及反弹得到冰形前缘区域形状变化不大,但是整体结冰区域减小.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant numbers 2016YFA0600403 and 2016YFA0602501]the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41875134].
文摘In the paper,daily near-surface wind speed data from 462 stations are used to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the annual and seasonal mean wind speed(MWS)and effective wind energy density(EWED)from 1960 to 2016,through the methods of kriging interpolation,leastsquares,correlation coefficient testing,and empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.The results show that the annual MWS is larger than 3 m s-1 and the EWED is larger than 75 W m-2 in northern China and parts of coastal areas.However,the MWS and EWED values in southern China are all smaller than in northern China.Over the past 50 years,the annual and seasonal MWS in China has shown a significant decreasing trend,with the largest rate of decline in spring for northern China and winter for coastal areas.The annual MWS in some areas of Guangdong has an increasing trend,but it shows little change in southwestern China,South China,and west of Central China.Where the MWS is high,the rate of decline is also high.The main spatial distributions of the annual MWS and the annual EWED show high consistency,with a decreasing trend year by year.The decreasing trend of wind speed and wind energy resources in China is mainly related to global warming and land use/cover change.
文摘基于现有大尺寸过冷水滴(supercooled large droplet,SLD)动力学特性,分析水滴变形对阻力的影响.并根据几种典型的反弹/飞溅模型,分析了SLD的阻力变化、反弹、飞溅等对水滴撞击特性的影响,采用软件FENSAP-ICE的飞溅模型和LEWICE 2.0的反弹模型研究了反弹及飞溅现象对冰形的影响.计算结果显示:水滴撞击前的破碎现象对水滴尺寸分布有较大的影响,进行撞击特性以及冰形计算的时候需进行考虑;SLD破碎、飞溅、反弹降低了局部水收集系数、减小了水滴撞击范围;飞溅现象主要发生在机翼前缘附近区域,反弹主要在撞击边缘区域;水滴直径增加,飞溅现象逐渐减弱,但边缘位置的反弹现象一直很明显.SLD变形带来的阻力影响对冰形及结冰区域影响很小;与未考虑飞溅及反弹现象得到的冰形比较,考虑飞溅及反弹得到冰形前缘区域形状变化不大,但是整体结冰区域减小.
