Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming ...Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.展开更多
【目的】为提高昆虫病原线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫的防治效果,将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学杀虫剂混用是一条有效途径。【方法】测定了噻虫嗪与6个昆虫病原线虫品系混用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用效果,以...【目的】为提高昆虫病原线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫的防治效果,将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学杀虫剂混用是一条有效途径。【方法】测定了噻虫嗪与6个昆虫病原线虫品系混用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用效果,以及温度和土壤含水量对作用效果的影响,并进行了田间验证。【结果】田间推荐浓度噻虫嗪(100 mg·L^(-1))对6种供试线虫存活无显著影响。处理后3 d,低浓度噻虫嗪(15 mg·L^(-1))分别与6品系线虫混合后处理韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫,其死亡率明显高于线虫和噻虫嗪单用处理。小卷蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪、印度异小杆线虫LN2+噻虫嗪和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All+噻虫嗪3种组合发挥杀虫作用的最适温度范围分别为20~25℃、25~30℃和25~30℃,显著高于其他温度;最适土壤含水量范围为10%~18%,也显著高于其他湿度。大田条件下,施用后7 d,单用噻虫嗪、线虫+噻虫嗪组合处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果显著高于单线虫,且以芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪的防治效果最高,达到93%以上。【结论】芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN品系与噻虫嗪组合联合防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果最好。展开更多
昆虫病原微生物是广泛存在于自然界并能调控昆虫种群数量动态的一类重要自然资源。我国独特的地理位置、丰富的植物资源、适宜的气候条件等因素促使草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)在我国将呈现周年常态化发生态势,因此...昆虫病原微生物是广泛存在于自然界并能调控昆虫种群数量动态的一类重要自然资源。我国独特的地理位置、丰富的植物资源、适宜的气候条件等因素促使草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)在我国将呈现周年常态化发生态势,因此草地贪夜蛾的防控工作将是一项长期的重大任务。本文整理了草地贪夜蛾的昆虫病原微生物资源,概述了昆虫病原微生物在草地贪夜蛾防控工作中的应用现状,就其现状指出了存在的问题并为未来的发展提出了相应的建议,旨在为更好地利用昆虫病原微生物防控草地贪夜蛾提供参考。展开更多
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） remains a serious threat to crops worldwide. The damaging B-biotype is of specific economic concern because it is an effective vector ...The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） remains a serious threat to crops worldwide. The damaging B-biotype is of specific economic concern because it is an effective vector of over 111 viruses from several fam- ilies, particularly geminiviruses. Bemisia tabaci is regularly intercepted on plants coming into the UK where it is subjected to a policy of eradication. The UK maintains Protective Zone status against this pest. A main pathway of entry of B. tabaci into the Protected Zone involves propagating material, especially Poinsettia （Euphorbia pulcherrima）. With increased insecticide resistance continuously being recorded, B. tabaci is becoming more difficult to control/eradicate. Recent research involving both entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi is showing much potential for the development of control programs for this pest. Both the nematode Steinernemafeltiae and the fungus Lecanicillium muscarium have been shown to be most effective against second instar B. tabaci. Fine-tuning of the environmental conditions required has also increased their efficacy. The entomopathogens have also shown a high level of compatibility with chemical insecticides, all increasing their potential to be incorporated into control strategies against B. tabaci.展开更多
Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:Accordi...Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.展开更多
Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal ftmgi, non- mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth...Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal ftmgi, non- mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth. More recently, soil microbes have also been shown to increase direct plant defense against above- and below- ground herbivores. Plants, however, do not only rely on direct defenses when attacked, but they can also recruit pest antagonists such as predators and parasitoids, both above and belowground, mainly via the release of volatile organic compounds （i.e., indirect defenses）. In this review, we illustrate the main features and effects of soil microbial mutualists of plants on plant indirect defenses and discuss possible applications within the framework of sustainable crop protection against root- and shoot-feeding arthropod pests. We indicate the main knowledge gaps and the future challenges to be addressed in the study and application of these rnultifaceted interactions.展开更多
The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it...The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it has been reported that these are sensitive to the environmental conditions. For this reason, biopesticides products have been formulated based on secondary metabolites, recently. These biomolecules participate as biological control agent, such as: cyclic depsipeptides, amino acids, polyketides, polyphenols and terpenoids, affecting their morphology, life cycle and insect behavior. The use of secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi opens the possibility of application in a more efficient way for the control of agricultural pests in a compatible with the environment and human health;therefore, it is important to know, analyzing the type of molecules, their effects, and their different methods of application.展开更多
The effect on spore germination of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium following direct exposure for 24 h to the insecticides Majestik, Spray Oil, Agri- 50E, Savona and Oberon for the control of both e...The effect on spore germination of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium following direct exposure for 24 h to the insecticides Majestik, Spray Oil, Agri- 50E, Savona and Oberon for the control of both egg and second instar stages of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, was determined. Exposure to both Agri-50E and Oberon was followed by acceptable spore germination. Infectivity rates ofL. muscarium on poinsettia foliage in the presence of dry residues of the insecticides were also investigated. No significant detrimental effects on the levels of control of B. tabaci were recorded compared with fungus applied to residue-free foliage. Sequential application of the chemicals Savona, Spray Oil and Majestik with the fungus all produced mortalities of second instar B. tabaci above 90%. Incorporation of these chemicals with L. muscarium into integrated control programs for B. tabaci is discussed.展开更多
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770686).
文摘Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.
文摘【目的】为提高昆虫病原线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫的防治效果,将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学杀虫剂混用是一条有效途径。【方法】测定了噻虫嗪与6个昆虫病原线虫品系混用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用效果,以及温度和土壤含水量对作用效果的影响,并进行了田间验证。【结果】田间推荐浓度噻虫嗪(100 mg·L^(-1))对6种供试线虫存活无显著影响。处理后3 d,低浓度噻虫嗪(15 mg·L^(-1))分别与6品系线虫混合后处理韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫,其死亡率明显高于线虫和噻虫嗪单用处理。小卷蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪、印度异小杆线虫LN2+噻虫嗪和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All+噻虫嗪3种组合发挥杀虫作用的最适温度范围分别为20~25℃、25~30℃和25~30℃,显著高于其他温度;最适土壤含水量范围为10%~18%,也显著高于其他湿度。大田条件下,施用后7 d,单用噻虫嗪、线虫+噻虫嗪组合处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果显著高于单线虫,且以芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪的防治效果最高,达到93%以上。【结论】芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN品系与噻虫嗪组合联合防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果最好。
文摘昆虫病原微生物是广泛存在于自然界并能调控昆虫种群数量动态的一类重要自然资源。我国独特的地理位置、丰富的植物资源、适宜的气候条件等因素促使草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)在我国将呈现周年常态化发生态势,因此草地贪夜蛾的防控工作将是一项长期的重大任务。本文整理了草地贪夜蛾的昆虫病原微生物资源,概述了昆虫病原微生物在草地贪夜蛾防控工作中的应用现状,就其现状指出了存在的问题并为未来的发展提出了相应的建议,旨在为更好地利用昆虫病原微生物防控草地贪夜蛾提供参考。
文摘The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） remains a serious threat to crops worldwide. The damaging B-biotype is of specific economic concern because it is an effective vector of over 111 viruses from several fam- ilies, particularly geminiviruses. Bemisia tabaci is regularly intercepted on plants coming into the UK where it is subjected to a policy of eradication. The UK maintains Protective Zone status against this pest. A main pathway of entry of B. tabaci into the Protected Zone involves propagating material, especially Poinsettia （Euphorbia pulcherrima）. With increased insecticide resistance continuously being recorded, B. tabaci is becoming more difficult to control/eradicate. Recent research involving both entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi is showing much potential for the development of control programs for this pest. Both the nematode Steinernemafeltiae and the fungus Lecanicillium muscarium have been shown to be most effective against second instar B. tabaci. Fine-tuning of the environmental conditions required has also increased their efficacy. The entomopathogens have also shown a high level of compatibility with chemical insecticides, all increasing their potential to be incorporated into control strategies against B. tabaci.
文摘Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.
文摘Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal ftmgi, non- mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth. More recently, soil microbes have also been shown to increase direct plant defense against above- and below- ground herbivores. Plants, however, do not only rely on direct defenses when attacked, but they can also recruit pest antagonists such as predators and parasitoids, both above and belowground, mainly via the release of volatile organic compounds （i.e., indirect defenses）. In this review, we illustrate the main features and effects of soil microbial mutualists of plants on plant indirect defenses and discuss possible applications within the framework of sustainable crop protection against root- and shoot-feeding arthropod pests. We indicate the main knowledge gaps and the future challenges to be addressed in the study and application of these rnultifaceted interactions.
文摘The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it has been reported that these are sensitive to the environmental conditions. For this reason, biopesticides products have been formulated based on secondary metabolites, recently. These biomolecules participate as biological control agent, such as: cyclic depsipeptides, amino acids, polyketides, polyphenols and terpenoids, affecting their morphology, life cycle and insect behavior. The use of secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi opens the possibility of application in a more efficient way for the control of agricultural pests in a compatible with the environment and human health;therefore, it is important to know, analyzing the type of molecules, their effects, and their different methods of application.
文摘The effect on spore germination of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium following direct exposure for 24 h to the insecticides Majestik, Spray Oil, Agri- 50E, Savona and Oberon for the control of both egg and second instar stages of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, was determined. Exposure to both Agri-50E and Oberon was followed by acceptable spore germination. Infectivity rates ofL. muscarium on poinsettia foliage in the presence of dry residues of the insecticides were also investigated. No significant detrimental effects on the levels of control of B. tabaci were recorded compared with fungus applied to residue-free foliage. Sequential application of the chemicals Savona, Spray Oil and Majestik with the fungus all produced mortalities of second instar B. tabaci above 90%. Incorporation of these chemicals with L. muscarium into integrated control programs for B. tabaci is discussed.
