The aim of present study was to assess the effects of a eutectic mixture of topical anesthetics (EMLA cream) on pain responses of preschoolers during venipuncture. The pain responses were reported by children, nurses,...The aim of present study was to assess the effects of a eutectic mixture of topical anesthetics (EMLA cream) on pain responses of preschoolers during venipuncture. The pain responses were reported by children, nurses, and the children’s mothers. The pre- and post-test-designed study, which included a non-equivalent control group, was carried out in a pediatric unit at E University Hospital in South Korea. Pain responses during venipuncture were measured by the self-reporting of the children using the Face Pain Rating Scale (FPRS), the Procedure Behavior Checklist by nurses (PBCL), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) by mothers, in addition to measurements of the children’s pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation. EMLA cream was effective in decreasing the pain responses of the children as assessed by FPRS, PBCL, and VAS scores. However, pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation of the children during venipuncture were not significantly different between the two groups. EMLA cream could be a useful option for reducing pain in preschool children during invasive procedures.展开更多
In a continuous casting process,EMLS/EMLA(electromagnetic level stabilizer/accelerator)is applied effectively,which is able to control the surface stream velocity at meniscus in mold.The EMLS are applied to stabilize ...In a continuous casting process,EMLS/EMLA(electromagnetic level stabilizer/accelerator)is applied effectively,which is able to control the surface stream velocity at meniscus in mold.The EMLS are applied to stabilize the molten steel flow and the meniscus fluctuation to prevent powder entrapments on high speed casters.Conversely,the EMLA are applied to activate the molten steel flow to promote heat transfer to the steel meniscus and keep proper temperature at meniscus in mold or wash inclusions off near the solidification front on low speed casters or at the beginning,the ending and during the ladle change of the casting for high speed casters.In this study,the effect of the EMLA on the molten steel flow is investigated.Numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field and the flow field were carried out.The EMLA applies a low frequency alternating magnetic field moving from SEN(submerged entry nozzle)to narrow slab faces below the nozzle exit ports.Simulation results indicate that,due to the electromagnetic force,the molten steel is forced to flow toward the magnetic field traveling direction in the region where the magnetic field is imposed.The molten steel flow is increased in proportion to the imposed accelerating electromagnetic force on the spouting stream from SEN.And excessive accelerating changes the double-roll pattern.However,the magnitude of the electromagnetic force is decided by the current intensity and frequency,a suitable imposed electric current can be chosen to increase the flow velocity properly and also reduce the amount of mold powder entrapments to a minimum.展开更多
Background and Objective: IUD is a safe, effective, and reversible method throughout the world, particularly in areas where population growth is too much. One of the main barriers to use IUD is the fear and pain of it...Background and Objective: IUD is a safe, effective, and reversible method throughout the world, particularly in areas where population growth is too much. One of the main barriers to use IUD is the fear and pain of its insertion. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the pain, and this study was conducted to investigate the effect of EMLA cream and ibuprofen on pain during IUD insertion. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted on 120 women who admitted to Imam Javad health center in Zahedan in 2015-2016 for insertion of IUD. Women who admitted to this center were randomly assigned into 3 groups of EMLA group (n = 40), ibuprofen (n = 40), and control or placebo (n = 40). These women have no problem to insert IUD. Demographic data and pain level were recorded in a questionnaire based on Johnson’s Visual analog scale of pain at 3 stages of IUD insertion, and all IUDs were inserted by a midwife and then data were analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: The results of this research show that the lowest level of pain severity at three stages of insertion related to the EMLA cream (P Conclusion: The results of the study showed that, compared to ibuprofen and placebo, EMLA cream is a safe method in reducing pain caused by IUD insertion in all stages of IUD insertion.展开更多
Background:Topical local analgesic and anaesthetic agents have been used both pre-and imme-diately post-harvest on split-thickness skin graft(STSG)donor site wounds(DSW).There is no systematic review of their effectiv...Background:Topical local analgesic and anaesthetic agents have been used both pre-and imme-diately post-harvest on split-thickness skin graft(STSG)donor site wounds(DSW).There is no systematic review of their effectiveness in providing post-harvest analgesia,or of the possible toxic effects of systemic absorption.This study is designed to address the question of which agent,if any,is favoured over the others and whether there are any safety data regarding their use.Methods:Systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials of topical agents applied to STSG DSWs,with a view to providing analgesia.Studies identified via search of Cochrane and EBSCO databases.No restrictions on language or publication year.Primary outcomes:pain at the time of(awake)STSG,and post-harvest pain(up to first dressing change).Secondary outcome was serum medication levels relative to published data on toxic doses.Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool utilised in assessment of included studies.At least 2 reviewers screened and reviewed included studies.A narrative review is presented.Results:There were 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria.Overall methodological quality and patient numbers were low.Topical eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine pre-harvest affords good local anaesthesia in awake STSG harvesting.Topical bupivacaine(5 studies)or lidocaine(1 study)gave significantly better post-harvest anaesthesia/analgesia than placebo.Topical morphine performs no better than placebo.Topical local anaesthetic agents at reported doses were all well below toxic serum levels.Conclusions:Topical local anaesthetics(lidocaine or bupivacaine)provide good analgesia,both during and after STSG harvest,at well below toxic serum levels,but there are no good data determining the best local anaesthetic agent to use.There is no evidence morphine performs better than placebo.展开更多
無論從提高鎮痛效果抑或病人接受程度,為一痛症病人尋找何種合理的給藥途徑比選擇何種有效的鎮痛藥來得重要。隨着醫學研究的深入,無創性鎮痛方法應運而生,如經皮膚給藥系統芬太尼貼劑(Transdermal Therapeutic System with Fentanyl,TT...無論從提高鎮痛效果抑或病人接受程度,為一痛症病人尋找何種合理的給藥途徑比選擇何種有效的鎮痛藥來得重要。隨着醫學研究的深入,無創性鎮痛方法應運而生,如經皮膚給藥系統芬太尼貼劑(Transdermal Therapeutic System with Fentanyl,TTSF)及局麻藥低熔混合物(Eutectic Mixture of local Anesthetics,EMLA)。目前學者們對應用TTSF、EMLA的臨床結果各抒己見,本文就其鎮痛效果、不良反應及尚待解决的問題作一綜述。展开更多
文摘The aim of present study was to assess the effects of a eutectic mixture of topical anesthetics (EMLA cream) on pain responses of preschoolers during venipuncture. The pain responses were reported by children, nurses, and the children’s mothers. The pre- and post-test-designed study, which included a non-equivalent control group, was carried out in a pediatric unit at E University Hospital in South Korea. Pain responses during venipuncture were measured by the self-reporting of the children using the Face Pain Rating Scale (FPRS), the Procedure Behavior Checklist by nurses (PBCL), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) by mothers, in addition to measurements of the children’s pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation. EMLA cream was effective in decreasing the pain responses of the children as assessed by FPRS, PBCL, and VAS scores. However, pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation of the children during venipuncture were not significantly different between the two groups. EMLA cream could be a useful option for reducing pain in preschool children during invasive procedures.
文摘In a continuous casting process,EMLS/EMLA(electromagnetic level stabilizer/accelerator)is applied effectively,which is able to control the surface stream velocity at meniscus in mold.The EMLS are applied to stabilize the molten steel flow and the meniscus fluctuation to prevent powder entrapments on high speed casters.Conversely,the EMLA are applied to activate the molten steel flow to promote heat transfer to the steel meniscus and keep proper temperature at meniscus in mold or wash inclusions off near the solidification front on low speed casters or at the beginning,the ending and during the ladle change of the casting for high speed casters.In this study,the effect of the EMLA on the molten steel flow is investigated.Numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field and the flow field were carried out.The EMLA applies a low frequency alternating magnetic field moving from SEN(submerged entry nozzle)to narrow slab faces below the nozzle exit ports.Simulation results indicate that,due to the electromagnetic force,the molten steel is forced to flow toward the magnetic field traveling direction in the region where the magnetic field is imposed.The molten steel flow is increased in proportion to the imposed accelerating electromagnetic force on the spouting stream from SEN.And excessive accelerating changes the double-roll pattern.However,the magnitude of the electromagnetic force is decided by the current intensity and frequency,a suitable imposed electric current can be chosen to increase the flow velocity properly and also reduce the amount of mold powder entrapments to a minimum.
文摘Background and Objective: IUD is a safe, effective, and reversible method throughout the world, particularly in areas where population growth is too much. One of the main barriers to use IUD is the fear and pain of its insertion. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the pain, and this study was conducted to investigate the effect of EMLA cream and ibuprofen on pain during IUD insertion. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted on 120 women who admitted to Imam Javad health center in Zahedan in 2015-2016 for insertion of IUD. Women who admitted to this center were randomly assigned into 3 groups of EMLA group (n = 40), ibuprofen (n = 40), and control or placebo (n = 40). These women have no problem to insert IUD. Demographic data and pain level were recorded in a questionnaire based on Johnson’s Visual analog scale of pain at 3 stages of IUD insertion, and all IUDs were inserted by a midwife and then data were analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: The results of this research show that the lowest level of pain severity at three stages of insertion related to the EMLA cream (P Conclusion: The results of the study showed that, compared to ibuprofen and placebo, EMLA cream is a safe method in reducing pain caused by IUD insertion in all stages of IUD insertion.
文摘Background:Topical local analgesic and anaesthetic agents have been used both pre-and imme-diately post-harvest on split-thickness skin graft(STSG)donor site wounds(DSW).There is no systematic review of their effectiveness in providing post-harvest analgesia,or of the possible toxic effects of systemic absorption.This study is designed to address the question of which agent,if any,is favoured over the others and whether there are any safety data regarding their use.Methods:Systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials of topical agents applied to STSG DSWs,with a view to providing analgesia.Studies identified via search of Cochrane and EBSCO databases.No restrictions on language or publication year.Primary outcomes:pain at the time of(awake)STSG,and post-harvest pain(up to first dressing change).Secondary outcome was serum medication levels relative to published data on toxic doses.Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool utilised in assessment of included studies.At least 2 reviewers screened and reviewed included studies.A narrative review is presented.Results:There were 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria.Overall methodological quality and patient numbers were low.Topical eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine pre-harvest affords good local anaesthesia in awake STSG harvesting.Topical bupivacaine(5 studies)or lidocaine(1 study)gave significantly better post-harvest anaesthesia/analgesia than placebo.Topical morphine performs no better than placebo.Topical local anaesthetic agents at reported doses were all well below toxic serum levels.Conclusions:Topical local anaesthetics(lidocaine or bupivacaine)provide good analgesia,both during and after STSG harvest,at well below toxic serum levels,but there are no good data determining the best local anaesthetic agent to use.There is no evidence morphine performs better than placebo.
文摘目的:对吸吮无营养安慰剂、经口给予30%蔗糖溶液、局部应用Emla(?)和将任何二者联合应用在早产儿EPO皮下注射过程中的镇痛效果进行对比。方法:这是一项随机的、前瞻性的研究,共历时5个月。研究对象为出生时胎龄不足33周,已经生后8 d及需要注射EPO (每周皮下注射3次,连续6周)的新生儿。所有研究对象被随机分为4组:吸吮无营养安慰剂组(T),经口给予0.2-0.5 ml
文摘無論從提高鎮痛效果抑或病人接受程度,為一痛症病人尋找何種合理的給藥途徑比選擇何種有效的鎮痛藥來得重要。隨着醫學研究的深入,無創性鎮痛方法應運而生,如經皮膚給藥系統芬太尼貼劑(Transdermal Therapeutic System with Fentanyl,TTSF)及局麻藥低熔混合物(Eutectic Mixture of local Anesthetics,EMLA)。目前學者們對應用TTSF、EMLA的臨床結果各抒己見,本文就其鎮痛效果、不良反應及尚待解决的問題作一綜述。
