Current proposed mechanisms implicate both early and latent Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in the carcinogenic cascade,whereas epidemiological studies have always associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)with early c...Current proposed mechanisms implicate both early and latent Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in the carcinogenic cascade,whereas epidemiological studies have always associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)with early childhood EBV infection and with chronic ear,nose,and sinus conditions.Moreover,most patients with NPC present with IgA antibody titers to EBV capsid antigen(VCA-lgA),which can precede actual tumor presentation by several years.If early childhood EBV infection indeed constitutes a key event in NPC carcinogenesis,one would have to explain the inability to detect the virus in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium of patients at a high risk for EBV infection.It is perhaps possible that EBV resides within the salivary glands,instead of the epithelium,during latency.This claim is indirectly supported by observations that the East Asian phenotype shares the characteristics of an increased susceptibility to NPC and immature salivary gland morphogenesis,the latter of which is influenced by the association of salivary gland morphogenesis with an evolutionary variant of the human ectodysplasin receptor gene(EDAR),EDARV370A.Whether the immature salivary gland represents a more favorable nidus for EBV is uncertain,but in patients with infectious mononucleosis,EBV has been isolated in this anatomical organ.The presence of EBV-induced lymphoepitheliomas in the salivary glands and lungs further addresses the possibility of submucosal spread of the virus.Adding to the fact that the fossa of Rosen Muller contains a transformative zone active only in the first decade of life,one might be tempted to speculate the possibility of an alternative carcinogenic cascade for NPC that is perhaps not dissimilar to the model of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.展开更多
旨在获得中国美利奴羊EDAR(ectodysplasin A receptor)基因的CDS区全序列并进行生物信息学分析,同时分析EDAR在绵羊毛囊发育过程中的表达特性,为深入研究该基因在绵羊毛囊生长发育过程中的作用及其表达调控提供基础资料。采用PCR扩增获...旨在获得中国美利奴羊EDAR(ectodysplasin A receptor)基因的CDS区全序列并进行生物信息学分析,同时分析EDAR在绵羊毛囊发育过程中的表达特性,为深入研究该基因在绵羊毛囊生长发育过程中的作用及其表达调控提供基础资料。采用PCR扩增获得绵羊EDAR基因全长编码区,并克隆到PCRTM-BluntⅡ-TOPO@vector进行测序;利用生物信息学方法预测蛋白结构;应用qRT-PCR技术检测EDAR基因在绵羊毛囊发育过程中的表达特征。结果表明,绵羊EDAR基因的CDS序列长度为1 350bp(GenBank登录号:KX900497),编码449个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列与其他物种相比一致性较高;进化树分析表明,绵羊EDAR氨基酸序列与牛的进化关系较近,与斑马鱼较远;预测结果显示绵羊EDAR蛋白存在一个信号肽和一个跨膜结构域;qRT-PCR分析表明,EDAR基因在绵羊胎儿毛囊发育过程中均有表达,在毛囊发育第55天和第135天表达较高,第75天表达最低。获得绵羊EDAR基因完整的编码区序列和毛囊发育过程中的表达特性,生物信息学分析发现EDAR基因的编码区序列具有物种间的保守性,同时该基因在绵羊毛囊不同发育阶段的皮肤组织中表达,由此表明EDAR基因可能在绵羊毛囊的生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。展开更多
人类面部形态由神经外胚层发育而来,是区别个体的最显著特征之一。研究人面部特征的遗传机制可为生物医学、司法鉴定等应用领域提供依据。虽然目前已经在正常人群和患病人群中发现了一些与面部特征相关的基因,但是还有许多面部特征的基...人类面部形态由神经外胚层发育而来,是区别个体的最显著特征之一。研究人面部特征的遗传机制可为生物医学、司法鉴定等应用领域提供依据。虽然目前已经在正常人群和患病人群中发现了一些与面部特征相关的基因,但是还有许多面部特征的基因有待发现。本研究基于拉美人群进化和多样性研究联合会(consortium for the analysis of the diversity and evolution of Latin America,CANDELA)队列中的1140个秘鲁健康人群,通过标定其面部的47个特征点来计算中部和下部脸部面积,并计算47个特征点之间的欧式距离,以其结果作为表型;与约七十万个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)的全基因组分型数据进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),并在CANDELA队列中的384个巴西和智利的独立健康人群中进行结果验证。本研究用一个加性遗传模型来进行线性回归关联检验,其中因变量为表型的数量性状,协变量为年龄、性别、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)及基因组群体分层分析中的前5个主成分(principal components,PCs)。研究结果表明,位于LD基因区(EDAR,LIMS1,RANBP2,SULT1C4,CCDC138,GCC2)的17个单核苷酸多态性与7个数量表型有很强的相关性;其中EDAR作为影响头面发育的一因多效性基因,在本研究中影响中部颅面形态。展开更多
Humans have been exposed to many environmental challenges since their evolutionary origins in Africa and subsequent migrations to the rest of the world. A severe environmental challenge to human migrants was hypoxia c...Humans have been exposed to many environmental challenges since their evolutionary origins in Africa and subsequent migrations to the rest of the world. A severe environmental challenge to human migrants was hypoxia caused by low barometric oxygen pressure at high altitudes. Several genome-wide scans have elucidated the genetic basis of human high-altitude adaptations.However, the dearth of functional variant information has led to the successful association of only a few candidate genes. In the present study, we employed a candidate gene approach and re-sequenced the EDAR locus in 45 Tibetan individuals to identify mutations involved in hypoxia adaptation. We identified 10 and five quantitative trait-associated mutations for oxygen saturation (SaO_2) and blood platelet count, respectively, at the EDAR locus. Among these, rs10865026 and rs3749110 (associated with SaO_2 and platelet count, respectively) were identified as functional candidate targets. These data demonstrate that EDAR has undergone natural selection in recent human history and indicate an important role of EDAR variants in Tibetan high-altitude adaptations.展开更多
绵羊的背部、耳部和腹股沟部的毛发性状、生长速度存在差异,背部毛发弯曲、细长、密度高、生长速度快,耳部、腹股沟部毛发粗直、密度低、生长速度慢。研究表明,EDA/EDAR、IGFBP5/Krox20、WNT等介导的信号通路及毛发角蛋白基因对毛发纤...绵羊的背部、耳部和腹股沟部的毛发性状、生长速度存在差异,背部毛发弯曲、细长、密度高、生长速度快,耳部、腹股沟部毛发粗直、密度低、生长速度慢。研究表明,EDA/EDAR、IGFBP5/Krox20、WNT等介导的信号通路及毛发角蛋白基因对毛发纤维弯曲的形成有重要的影响。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR、原位杂交技术、Western印迹和免疫组织化学等技术,对外异蛋白受体(ectodysplasin A receptor,EDAR)在绵羊背部、耳部和腹股沟皮肤中的m RNA、蛋白质表达水平和定位进行研究,以探讨EDAR与绵羊毛发的生长和性状的关系。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,EDAR在绵羊背部皮肤中相对基因表达量是绵羊腹股沟皮肤的4.9倍(P<0.01),耳部是腹股沟部的1.4倍(P<0.05),背部是耳部的3.4倍(P<0.05);原位杂交和免疫组化结果表明,EDAR基因m RNA和蛋白质在背部、耳部和腹股沟部毛囊均有表达。根据光密度值可知,背部表达量最高,耳部次之,而腹股沟部最低;Western印迹结果显示,绵羊皮肤组织蛋白质提取物中存在与兔抗EDAR多克隆抗体发生免疫阳性反应的蛋白条带,绵羊皮肤背部平均蛋白质表达量最高,耳部次之,而腹股沟部最低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。研究结果提示,EDAR可能参与绵羊毛发卷曲的形成和调控,对毛发密度、生长速度等可能也有影响。展开更多
文摘Current proposed mechanisms implicate both early and latent Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in the carcinogenic cascade,whereas epidemiological studies have always associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)with early childhood EBV infection and with chronic ear,nose,and sinus conditions.Moreover,most patients with NPC present with IgA antibody titers to EBV capsid antigen(VCA-lgA),which can precede actual tumor presentation by several years.If early childhood EBV infection indeed constitutes a key event in NPC carcinogenesis,one would have to explain the inability to detect the virus in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium of patients at a high risk for EBV infection.It is perhaps possible that EBV resides within the salivary glands,instead of the epithelium,during latency.This claim is indirectly supported by observations that the East Asian phenotype shares the characteristics of an increased susceptibility to NPC and immature salivary gland morphogenesis,the latter of which is influenced by the association of salivary gland morphogenesis with an evolutionary variant of the human ectodysplasin receptor gene(EDAR),EDARV370A.Whether the immature salivary gland represents a more favorable nidus for EBV is uncertain,but in patients with infectious mononucleosis,EBV has been isolated in this anatomical organ.The presence of EBV-induced lymphoepitheliomas in the salivary glands and lungs further addresses the possibility of submucosal spread of the virus.Adding to the fact that the fossa of Rosen Muller contains a transformative zone active only in the first decade of life,one might be tempted to speculate the possibility of an alternative carcinogenic cascade for NPC that is perhaps not dissimilar to the model of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.
文摘旨在获得中国美利奴羊EDAR(ectodysplasin A receptor)基因的CDS区全序列并进行生物信息学分析,同时分析EDAR在绵羊毛囊发育过程中的表达特性,为深入研究该基因在绵羊毛囊生长发育过程中的作用及其表达调控提供基础资料。采用PCR扩增获得绵羊EDAR基因全长编码区,并克隆到PCRTM-BluntⅡ-TOPO@vector进行测序;利用生物信息学方法预测蛋白结构;应用qRT-PCR技术检测EDAR基因在绵羊毛囊发育过程中的表达特征。结果表明,绵羊EDAR基因的CDS序列长度为1 350bp(GenBank登录号:KX900497),编码449个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列与其他物种相比一致性较高;进化树分析表明,绵羊EDAR氨基酸序列与牛的进化关系较近,与斑马鱼较远;预测结果显示绵羊EDAR蛋白存在一个信号肽和一个跨膜结构域;qRT-PCR分析表明,EDAR基因在绵羊胎儿毛囊发育过程中均有表达,在毛囊发育第55天和第135天表达较高,第75天表达最低。获得绵羊EDAR基因完整的编码区序列和毛囊发育过程中的表达特性,生物信息学分析发现EDAR基因的编码区序列具有物种间的保守性,同时该基因在绵羊毛囊不同发育阶段的皮肤组织中表达,由此表明EDAR基因可能在绵羊毛囊的生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。
文摘人类面部形态由神经外胚层发育而来,是区别个体的最显著特征之一。研究人面部特征的遗传机制可为生物医学、司法鉴定等应用领域提供依据。虽然目前已经在正常人群和患病人群中发现了一些与面部特征相关的基因,但是还有许多面部特征的基因有待发现。本研究基于拉美人群进化和多样性研究联合会(consortium for the analysis of the diversity and evolution of Latin America,CANDELA)队列中的1140个秘鲁健康人群,通过标定其面部的47个特征点来计算中部和下部脸部面积,并计算47个特征点之间的欧式距离,以其结果作为表型;与约七十万个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)的全基因组分型数据进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),并在CANDELA队列中的384个巴西和智利的独立健康人群中进行结果验证。本研究用一个加性遗传模型来进行线性回归关联检验,其中因变量为表型的数量性状,协变量为年龄、性别、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)及基因组群体分层分析中的前5个主成分(principal components,PCs)。研究结果表明,位于LD基因区(EDAR,LIMS1,RANBP2,SULT1C4,CCDC138,GCC2)的17个单核苷酸多态性与7个数量表型有很强的相关性;其中EDAR作为影响头面发育的一因多效性基因,在本研究中影响中部颅面形态。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91131905, 30890030)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB13020500)Weng Hongwu Original Scientific Research Foundation, Peking University
文摘Humans have been exposed to many environmental challenges since their evolutionary origins in Africa and subsequent migrations to the rest of the world. A severe environmental challenge to human migrants was hypoxia caused by low barometric oxygen pressure at high altitudes. Several genome-wide scans have elucidated the genetic basis of human high-altitude adaptations.However, the dearth of functional variant information has led to the successful association of only a few candidate genes. In the present study, we employed a candidate gene approach and re-sequenced the EDAR locus in 45 Tibetan individuals to identify mutations involved in hypoxia adaptation. We identified 10 and five quantitative trait-associated mutations for oxygen saturation (SaO_2) and blood platelet count, respectively, at the EDAR locus. Among these, rs10865026 and rs3749110 (associated with SaO_2 and platelet count, respectively) were identified as functional candidate targets. These data demonstrate that EDAR has undergone natural selection in recent human history and indicate an important role of EDAR variants in Tibetan high-altitude adaptations.
文摘绵羊的背部、耳部和腹股沟部的毛发性状、生长速度存在差异,背部毛发弯曲、细长、密度高、生长速度快,耳部、腹股沟部毛发粗直、密度低、生长速度慢。研究表明,EDA/EDAR、IGFBP5/Krox20、WNT等介导的信号通路及毛发角蛋白基因对毛发纤维弯曲的形成有重要的影响。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR、原位杂交技术、Western印迹和免疫组织化学等技术,对外异蛋白受体(ectodysplasin A receptor,EDAR)在绵羊背部、耳部和腹股沟皮肤中的m RNA、蛋白质表达水平和定位进行研究,以探讨EDAR与绵羊毛发的生长和性状的关系。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,EDAR在绵羊背部皮肤中相对基因表达量是绵羊腹股沟皮肤的4.9倍(P<0.01),耳部是腹股沟部的1.4倍(P<0.05),背部是耳部的3.4倍(P<0.05);原位杂交和免疫组化结果表明,EDAR基因m RNA和蛋白质在背部、耳部和腹股沟部毛囊均有表达。根据光密度值可知,背部表达量最高,耳部次之,而腹股沟部最低;Western印迹结果显示,绵羊皮肤组织蛋白质提取物中存在与兔抗EDAR多克隆抗体发生免疫阳性反应的蛋白条带,绵羊皮肤背部平均蛋白质表达量最高,耳部次之,而腹股沟部最低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。研究结果提示,EDAR可能参与绵羊毛发卷曲的形成和调控,对毛发密度、生长速度等可能也有影响。
