This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates o...This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates of dust output given for many processes in mass per unit area per year. Temporal variations and the extent and conditions in which maximum concentrations occur can therefore be impossible to predict with any accuracy. This investigation aims to improve predic-tions by “back calculating” emission levels based on dust monitoring around known dust sources. Nuisance dust and meteorological monitoring has been undertaken at a sand and gravel quarry in the UK for a consecutive period of two years. Sticky pad directional dust monitors were used to collect dust at eight locations at and around the site with meteorological data collected at an elec-tronic weather station within the site. Air quality modelling software (ADMS) was used to test emission factors from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) for emissions from mineral workings. Predictions were compared with the dust monitoring data to assess accuracy, with results showing limited poor correspondence (r<sup>2</sup> < 0.3). Trends showed that emission predictions were poorest in winter;this is likely because most emis-sion calculations are not weather dependent and seasonal fluctuations will occur. Dust emission rate calculations were altered with respect to the dust monitoring data for one monitoring location on the mineral site boundary and the model was run again. Results were then tested at two different locations up to 200 m from the site boundary, with very positive correlations (r<sup>2</sup > 0.89) and similar maximum concentrations (<5% difference). This study has therefore shown that ac-curate site-specific emission rates can be produced in combination with site boundary sticky pad dust monitoring in order to accurately derive estimations elsewhere.展开更多
选取了深圳市60个典型建筑工地开展了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度及气象参数测量,结合Fugitive Dust Model (FDM)估算的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放因子平均值分别为35.5和18.3 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),低于深圳市推荐的排放因子。不同施...选取了深圳市60个典型建筑工地开展了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度及气象参数测量,结合Fugitive Dust Model (FDM)估算的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放因子平均值分别为35.5和18.3 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),低于深圳市推荐的排放因子。不同施工阶段的排放因子存在差异,从高到低的是桩基施工>土石方>主体施工>一般建设。与国内其它城市研究对比发现,建筑工地PM_(10)排放因子呈现下降的趋势,深圳市排放因子与近年重庆、北京、上海研究结果相近。落实扬尘防治措施的工地比例约50%,裸露土及易起尘物料覆盖措施落实情况相对较差,建议重点加强桩基施工和土石方阶段工地的监管。展开更多
A new regional dust model suitable for simula-tion and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR...A new regional dust model suitable for simula-tion and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 1921 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smaller than 10 m in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 68 April, 2002 in North China.展开更多
The study of air pollution is recent in West Africa. There is a lack of data on air pollution. However, some studies conducted in West Africa show that air quality is a concern. Population growth and massive vehicles ...The study of air pollution is recent in West Africa. There is a lack of data on air pollution. However, some studies conducted in West Africa show that air quality is a concern. Population growth and massive vehicles imports are contributing to the deterioration of this air quality. In this work, we present the modelling of desert aerosols using a CTM Polair3D-SIREAM. The objective is to evaluate the ability of Polair3D-SIREAM to reproduce observations of PM10 and Aerosol Optical Thicknesses (AOT). A simulation with Polair3D-SIREAM was carried out in West Africa, focused on Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for 2007. The model of Marticorena and Bergametti (1995), MB95, was used to estimate desert aerosols emissions. The total emission of dust modelled is 52.2 Tg. For the evaluation of PM10, the simulated averages remained within the same orders of magnitude as the observed averages. Correlations are low in all the observation sites. The other indicators are similar to those found by Schmechtig et al. (2011). Performance criteria of Boylan and Russel (2006) are met for the observation sites of Ouagadougou and Ilorin (Nigeria). For the AOTs, the correlations are significantly improved, in particular, at the sites of Ouagadougou and Ilorin. Performance criteria of Boylan are met for all observation sites. However, the performance goals are only achieved for Ouagadougou and Ilorin.展开更多
Many developed researches have confirmed the increasing of dust event and its dangerous impacts on the environment, health, economy, etc. in west and southwest ofIranduring the recent decade. This investigation aims t...Many developed researches have confirmed the increasing of dust event and its dangerous impacts on the environment, health, economy, etc. in west and southwest ofIranduring the recent decade. This investigation aims to have a comparison between the derived outputs from the dust simulation models and satellite images analysis over 22-26 June 2010, as this spell is considered a typical case of the dust event over the western/southwestern parts of Iran. We found that the obtained results from the HYSPLIT and WRF/CHEM models respectively on dust dispersion trajectories and aerosol concentration rate were reliable to be used in dust prediction systems over the region.展开更多
文摘This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates of dust output given for many processes in mass per unit area per year. Temporal variations and the extent and conditions in which maximum concentrations occur can therefore be impossible to predict with any accuracy. This investigation aims to improve predic-tions by “back calculating” emission levels based on dust monitoring around known dust sources. Nuisance dust and meteorological monitoring has been undertaken at a sand and gravel quarry in the UK for a consecutive period of two years. Sticky pad directional dust monitors were used to collect dust at eight locations at and around the site with meteorological data collected at an elec-tronic weather station within the site. Air quality modelling software (ADMS) was used to test emission factors from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) for emissions from mineral workings. Predictions were compared with the dust monitoring data to assess accuracy, with results showing limited poor correspondence (r<sup>2</sup> < 0.3). Trends showed that emission predictions were poorest in winter;this is likely because most emis-sion calculations are not weather dependent and seasonal fluctuations will occur. Dust emission rate calculations were altered with respect to the dust monitoring data for one monitoring location on the mineral site boundary and the model was run again. Results were then tested at two different locations up to 200 m from the site boundary, with very positive correlations (r<sup>2</sup > 0.89) and similar maximum concentrations (<5% difference). This study has therefore shown that ac-curate site-specific emission rates can be produced in combination with site boundary sticky pad dust monitoring in order to accurately derive estimations elsewhere.
文摘选取了深圳市60个典型建筑工地开展了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度及气象参数测量,结合Fugitive Dust Model (FDM)估算的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放因子平均值分别为35.5和18.3 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),低于深圳市推荐的排放因子。不同施工阶段的排放因子存在差异,从高到低的是桩基施工>土石方>主体施工>一般建设。与国内其它城市研究对比发现,建筑工地PM_(10)排放因子呈现下降的趋势,深圳市排放因子与近年重庆、北京、上海研究结果相近。落实扬尘防治措施的工地比例约50%,裸露土及易起尘物料覆盖措施落实情况相对较差,建议重点加强桩基施工和土石方阶段工地的监管。
文摘A new regional dust model suitable for simula-tion and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 1921 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smaller than 10 m in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 68 April, 2002 in North China.
文摘The study of air pollution is recent in West Africa. There is a lack of data on air pollution. However, some studies conducted in West Africa show that air quality is a concern. Population growth and massive vehicles imports are contributing to the deterioration of this air quality. In this work, we present the modelling of desert aerosols using a CTM Polair3D-SIREAM. The objective is to evaluate the ability of Polair3D-SIREAM to reproduce observations of PM10 and Aerosol Optical Thicknesses (AOT). A simulation with Polair3D-SIREAM was carried out in West Africa, focused on Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for 2007. The model of Marticorena and Bergametti (1995), MB95, was used to estimate desert aerosols emissions. The total emission of dust modelled is 52.2 Tg. For the evaluation of PM10, the simulated averages remained within the same orders of magnitude as the observed averages. Correlations are low in all the observation sites. The other indicators are similar to those found by Schmechtig et al. (2011). Performance criteria of Boylan and Russel (2006) are met for the observation sites of Ouagadougou and Ilorin (Nigeria). For the AOTs, the correlations are significantly improved, in particular, at the sites of Ouagadougou and Ilorin. Performance criteria of Boylan are met for all observation sites. However, the performance goals are only achieved for Ouagadougou and Ilorin.
文摘Many developed researches have confirmed the increasing of dust event and its dangerous impacts on the environment, health, economy, etc. in west and southwest ofIranduring the recent decade. This investigation aims to have a comparison between the derived outputs from the dust simulation models and satellite images analysis over 22-26 June 2010, as this spell is considered a typical case of the dust event over the western/southwestern parts of Iran. We found that the obtained results from the HYSPLIT and WRF/CHEM models respectively on dust dispersion trajectories and aerosol concentration rate were reliable to be used in dust prediction systems over the region.
