On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, thi...On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.展开更多
To reduce the usage of classical lubricants in deep drawing,a new tribological system based on volatile lubricants was developed.Therefore,a volatile medium is injected under high pressure into the interstice between ...To reduce the usage of classical lubricants in deep drawing,a new tribological system based on volatile lubricants was developed.Therefore,a volatile medium is injected under high pressure into the interstice between drawing tool and sheet metal.Depending on temperature and pressure,the temporary lubricant may exist in its gaseous or liquid phase.In this study,a novel high fluid pressure tribometer was designed to investigate the friction and wear of dry steel contacts under comparable conditions like in dry deep drawing.Therefore,a new ball-on-disc tribometer was designed and integrated into a high-pressure vessel.To specifically investigate the effects of different environments(technical air,liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide,nitrogen,argon)at atmospheric and high pressure(0.1 MPa,6 MPa)on tribology,the specimens and all components were operating unlubricated.During the experiments,the friction was measured continuously.Results show that the highest friction occurs in air and the lowest in carbon dioxide environment.Subsequent to the experiments,the wear of the specimens was assessed along with changes in surface chemistry related to tribochemical reactions.Therefore,the tribology of the dry sliding contacts is correlated to changes of the surface chemistry.Also differences as well as similarities regarding the different fluid environments are shown.As the results show,the differences between the media used are most pronounced at elevated pressure.Concluding,this work gives clear indications on the suitability of volatile lubricants in dry friction or rather gas lubrication,especially for dry deep drawing.展开更多
Recently,natural draft dry cooling system with the main-auxiliary integrated air-cooled heat exchangers in the up and lower layers,has drawn attention to the electric power industry.This research firstly develops two ...Recently,natural draft dry cooling system with the main-auxiliary integrated air-cooled heat exchangers in the up and lower layers,has drawn attention to the electric power industry.This research firstly develops two physical models for the integrated cooling system,namely Case A and Case B.In Case A,the main air-cooled heat exchanger is arranged in the upper layer and the auxiliary air-cooled heat exchanger arranged in the lower layer,while in Case B,the two heat exchanger systems are arranged in the opposite way.And then,directing at the engineering TMCR and TRL 1 working conditions,the unit-local-overall thermo-flow characteristics of Case A and Case B are obtained and compared by numerical simulation.The findings show that,for the auxiliary air-cooled exchanger,Case A has obviously higher cooling performances than Case B,with the difference varying from 5.46%to 7.55%.Whereas,for the main air-cooled exchanger,Case B shows the recovered cooling performances,with the difference changing from 1.15%to 2.99%.Case A is preferably recommended to the engineering application in consideration of more strict cooling demand of the auxiliary cooling system.Conclusively,this research will provide some theoretical guidelines for the design and construction of the main-auxiliary integrated natural draft dry cooling system.展开更多
利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气科学研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)全球数值模式再分析资料(Reanalysis data of Global Numerical Model)资...利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气科学研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)全球数值模式再分析资料(Reanalysis data of Global Numerical Model)资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心全球数值模式(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,EC)资料、华东区域中尺度模式(Shanghai Meteorological Bureau-WRF ADAS Rapid Refresh System,SMB-WARMS)资料及其他常规气象观测资料,对2016年7月5—6日湖北省一次暖区极端降水过程的预报偏差进行了分析。结果表明:EC模式低层预报风场与实况相比向西移动速度偏快,导致强降水落区预报偏西;忽视925 hPa切变线的动力触发作用及对流中高层干层的作用、对水汽迅速增加和极端性认识不足、对中尺度系统的演变规律估计不够等原因,导致预报的降水强度和落区与实况相比有一定偏差。业务数值模式提前72 h、48 h、24 h预报的降水与实况相比均存在偏差,其中华东区域中尺度模式可以提前12 h对降水落区进行调整,在本例中对修正降水预报结论具有较好的指示作用。展开更多
Alumina-magnesia dry materials are widely used in induction furnace linings, but they show different kinds of damage when melting different kinds of alloy steel. In this paper, the chemical composition, phase composit...Alumina-magnesia dry materials are widely used in induction furnace linings, but they show different kinds of damage when melting different kinds of alloy steel. In this paper, the chemical composition, phase composition, and microstructure of the post-use dry materials for the working liners melting different kinds of steel were evaluated. Furthermore, the corrosion mechanism of the steel on the furnace lining materials was comprehensively analyzed. The findings reveal a significant ability of the Mn element in the molten steel to diffuse and penetrate into the refractories. Mn oxidizes to form MnO at the steel-refractory interface, and then forms a liquid phase with Al_(2)O_(3). The Cr element is dissolved into corundum and spinel of the refractories, resulting in lattice defects and structural damage of the materials. TiO2reacts with Al_(2)O_(3) to form Al_(2)TiO_(5), which plays a crucial role in preventing crack formation and propagation. Part of Ti4+dissolves into magnesia-alumina(MA), densifying the materials. TiO2also slows down the reaction between the Cr element and refractory components, further improving the corrosion resistance of the materials.展开更多
Dry wear tests under atmospheric conditions at 25-200 °C and loads of 12.5-300 N were performed for AM60B alloy. The wear rate increases with increasing the load; the mild-to-severe wear transitions occur under t...Dry wear tests under atmospheric conditions at 25-200 °C and loads of 12.5-300 N were performed for AM60B alloy. The wear rate increases with increasing the load; the mild-to-severe wear transitions occur under the loads of 275 N at 25 °C, 150 N at 100 °C and 75 N at 200 °C, respectively. However, as the load is less than 50 N, the wear rate at 200 °C is lower than that at 25 °C or 100 °C. In mild wear regimes, the wear mechanisms can be classified into abrasive wear, oxidation wear and delamination wear. Delamination wear prevailed as the mild-to-severe wear transition starts to occur; the delamination occurs from the inside of matrix. Subsequently, plastic-extrusion wear as severe wear prevails accompanied with the transition. The thick and hard tribo-layer postpones the mild-to-severe wear transition due to restricting the occurrence of massive plastic deformation of worn surfaces.展开更多
Dry sliding wear tests were performed for 7075Al alloy under a load of 25–250 N at 25–200℃. The wear behaviors and mechanisms under various testing conditions were explored. A mild-to-severe wear transition is noti...Dry sliding wear tests were performed for 7075Al alloy under a load of 25–250 N at 25–200℃. The wear behaviors and mechanisms under various testing conditions were explored. A mild-to-severe wear transition is noticed to occur with an increase in the load at 25–200℃. With the temperature increasing, the wear loss decreases constantly under the low load of less than 50 N. It can be suggested that the 7075 Al alloy presents a high wear resistance under a high ambient temperature and low load. Its high wear resistance is found to be attributed to the existence of mechanically mixing layer (MML). The predominant wear mechanism is adhesive and abrasive wear at room temperature. With the ambient temperature and load increasing, oxidative wear and plastic extrusive wear successively prevail due to thermal oxidation and softening of matrix.展开更多
为了研究纯雪和冰粒天气发生时大气层结特征及形成原因,提高对不同降水相态的区分能力,以期为农业生产提供更精细的气象服务,满足农业防灾减灾和政府决策需求,笔者以江苏冬季2次不同类型(纯雪和冰粒)固态降水天气过程为例,利用地面气象...为了研究纯雪和冰粒天气发生时大气层结特征及形成原因,提高对不同降水相态的区分能力,以期为农业生产提供更精细的气象服务,满足农业防灾减灾和政府决策需求,笔者以江苏冬季2次不同类型(纯雪和冰粒)固态降水天气过程为例,利用地面气象观测数据、探空数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,重点分析了2次过程中温湿廓线的不同之处,以及垂直运动和温度平流的演变情形。结果发现,在纯雪天气过程中,温度垂直廓线自地面附近至高空均在0℃以下,接近但不穿越0℃等温线。而在冰粒天气过程中,温度垂直廓线数次穿越0℃等温线且地面附近温度大于0℃。融化层和冻结层上下配置有利于固态降水物融化后重新冻结。融化层和冻结层的形成分别与暖平流和冷平流有关。冰粒天气发生时850 h Pa以下有相对湿度较小的干层存在,干层的形成源于高空干冷空气的下沉运动以及干平流侵入,且干层和冻结层高度较为一致。当液态降水物经过干层时通过蒸发吸热导致冻结层温度进一步下降,该正反馈机制是冰粒形成的关键因素。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41171186 and 41101206)
文摘On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.
文摘To reduce the usage of classical lubricants in deep drawing,a new tribological system based on volatile lubricants was developed.Therefore,a volatile medium is injected under high pressure into the interstice between drawing tool and sheet metal.Depending on temperature and pressure,the temporary lubricant may exist in its gaseous or liquid phase.In this study,a novel high fluid pressure tribometer was designed to investigate the friction and wear of dry steel contacts under comparable conditions like in dry deep drawing.Therefore,a new ball-on-disc tribometer was designed and integrated into a high-pressure vessel.To specifically investigate the effects of different environments(technical air,liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide,nitrogen,argon)at atmospheric and high pressure(0.1 MPa,6 MPa)on tribology,the specimens and all components were operating unlubricated.During the experiments,the friction was measured continuously.Results show that the highest friction occurs in air and the lowest in carbon dioxide environment.Subsequent to the experiments,the wear of the specimens was assessed along with changes in surface chemistry related to tribochemical reactions.Therefore,the tribology of the dry sliding contacts is correlated to changes of the surface chemistry.Also differences as well as similarities regarding the different fluid environments are shown.As the results show,the differences between the media used are most pronounced at elevated pressure.Concluding,this work gives clear indications on the suitability of volatile lubricants in dry friction or rather gas lubrication,especially for dry deep drawing.
基金The financial supports for this research,from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No52006065)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2022BJ0273,2023JC001)。
文摘Recently,natural draft dry cooling system with the main-auxiliary integrated air-cooled heat exchangers in the up and lower layers,has drawn attention to the electric power industry.This research firstly develops two physical models for the integrated cooling system,namely Case A and Case B.In Case A,the main air-cooled heat exchanger is arranged in the upper layer and the auxiliary air-cooled heat exchanger arranged in the lower layer,while in Case B,the two heat exchanger systems are arranged in the opposite way.And then,directing at the engineering TMCR and TRL 1 working conditions,the unit-local-overall thermo-flow characteristics of Case A and Case B are obtained and compared by numerical simulation.The findings show that,for the auxiliary air-cooled exchanger,Case A has obviously higher cooling performances than Case B,with the difference varying from 5.46%to 7.55%.Whereas,for the main air-cooled exchanger,Case B shows the recovered cooling performances,with the difference changing from 1.15%to 2.99%.Case A is preferably recommended to the engineering application in consideration of more strict cooling demand of the auxiliary cooling system.Conclusively,this research will provide some theoretical guidelines for the design and construction of the main-auxiliary integrated natural draft dry cooling system.
文摘利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气科学研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)全球数值模式再分析资料(Reanalysis data of Global Numerical Model)资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心全球数值模式(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,EC)资料、华东区域中尺度模式(Shanghai Meteorological Bureau-WRF ADAS Rapid Refresh System,SMB-WARMS)资料及其他常规气象观测资料,对2016年7月5—6日湖北省一次暖区极端降水过程的预报偏差进行了分析。结果表明:EC模式低层预报风场与实况相比向西移动速度偏快,导致强降水落区预报偏西;忽视925 hPa切变线的动力触发作用及对流中高层干层的作用、对水汽迅速增加和极端性认识不足、对中尺度系统的演变规律估计不够等原因,导致预报的降水强度和落区与实况相比有一定偏差。业务数值模式提前72 h、48 h、24 h预报的降水与实况相比均存在偏差,其中华东区域中尺度模式可以提前12 h对降水落区进行调整,在本例中对修正降水预报结论具有较好的指示作用。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272022)Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFA071).
文摘Alumina-magnesia dry materials are widely used in induction furnace linings, but they show different kinds of damage when melting different kinds of alloy steel. In this paper, the chemical composition, phase composition, and microstructure of the post-use dry materials for the working liners melting different kinds of steel were evaluated. Furthermore, the corrosion mechanism of the steel on the furnace lining materials was comprehensively analyzed. The findings reveal a significant ability of the Mn element in the molten steel to diffuse and penetrate into the refractories. Mn oxidizes to form MnO at the steel-refractory interface, and then forms a liquid phase with Al_(2)O_(3). The Cr element is dissolved into corundum and spinel of the refractories, resulting in lattice defects and structural damage of the materials. TiO2reacts with Al_(2)O_(3) to form Al_(2)TiO_(5), which plays a crucial role in preventing crack formation and propagation. Part of Ti4+dissolves into magnesia-alumina(MA), densifying the materials. TiO2also slows down the reaction between the Cr element and refractory components, further improving the corrosion resistance of the materials.
基金Project (51071078) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (AE201035) supported by the Research Fund of Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Dry wear tests under atmospheric conditions at 25-200 °C and loads of 12.5-300 N were performed for AM60B alloy. The wear rate increases with increasing the load; the mild-to-severe wear transitions occur under the loads of 275 N at 25 °C, 150 N at 100 °C and 75 N at 200 °C, respectively. However, as the load is less than 50 N, the wear rate at 200 °C is lower than that at 25 °C or 100 °C. In mild wear regimes, the wear mechanisms can be classified into abrasive wear, oxidation wear and delamination wear. Delamination wear prevailed as the mild-to-severe wear transition starts to occur; the delamination occurs from the inside of matrix. Subsequently, plastic-extrusion wear as severe wear prevails accompanied with the transition. The thick and hard tribo-layer postpones the mild-to-severe wear transition due to restricting the occurrence of massive plastic deformation of worn surfaces.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51071078)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK2012250)+1 种基金the Research Fund Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of High-End Structural Materials (No. hsm1303)the Opening Foundation of Jiangsu Province Material Tribology Key Laboratory (No. Kjsmcx201302)。
文摘Dry sliding wear tests were performed for 7075Al alloy under a load of 25–250 N at 25–200℃. The wear behaviors and mechanisms under various testing conditions were explored. A mild-to-severe wear transition is noticed to occur with an increase in the load at 25–200℃. With the temperature increasing, the wear loss decreases constantly under the low load of less than 50 N. It can be suggested that the 7075 Al alloy presents a high wear resistance under a high ambient temperature and low load. Its high wear resistance is found to be attributed to the existence of mechanically mixing layer (MML). The predominant wear mechanism is adhesive and abrasive wear at room temperature. With the ambient temperature and load increasing, oxidative wear and plastic extrusive wear successively prevail due to thermal oxidation and softening of matrix.
文摘为了研究纯雪和冰粒天气发生时大气层结特征及形成原因,提高对不同降水相态的区分能力,以期为农业生产提供更精细的气象服务,满足农业防灾减灾和政府决策需求,笔者以江苏冬季2次不同类型(纯雪和冰粒)固态降水天气过程为例,利用地面气象观测数据、探空数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,重点分析了2次过程中温湿廓线的不同之处,以及垂直运动和温度平流的演变情形。结果发现,在纯雪天气过程中,温度垂直廓线自地面附近至高空均在0℃以下,接近但不穿越0℃等温线。而在冰粒天气过程中,温度垂直廓线数次穿越0℃等温线且地面附近温度大于0℃。融化层和冻结层上下配置有利于固态降水物融化后重新冻结。融化层和冻结层的形成分别与暖平流和冷平流有关。冰粒天气发生时850 h Pa以下有相对湿度较小的干层存在,干层的形成源于高空干冷空气的下沉运动以及干平流侵入,且干层和冻结层高度较为一致。当液态降水物经过干层时通过蒸发吸热导致冻结层温度进一步下降,该正反馈机制是冰粒形成的关键因素。
