The recent high-performance interfaces like DDR2, DDR3, USB and Serial ATA require their output drivers to provide a minimum variation of rise and fall times over Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) and output loa...The recent high-performance interfaces like DDR2, DDR3, USB and Serial ATA require their output drivers to provide a minimum variation of rise and fall times over Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) and output load variations. As the interface speed grows up, the output drivers have been important component for high quality signal integrity, because the output voltage levels and slew rate are mainly determined by the output drivers. The output driver impedance compliance with the transmission line is a key factor in noise minimization due to the signal reflections. In this paper, the different implementations of PVT compensation circuits are analyzed for cmos45nm and cmos65nm technology processes. One of the considered PVT compensation circuits uses the analog compensation approach. This circuit was designed in cmos45nm technology. Other two PVT compensation circuits use the digital compensation method. These circuits were designed in cmos65nm technology. Their electrical characteristics are matched with the requirements for I/O drivers with respect to DDR2 and DDR3 standards. DDR2 I/O design was done by the Freescale wireless design team for mobile phones and later was re-used for other high speed interface designs. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of considered PVT control circuits are analyzed.展开更多
针对人机协同转向控制中对于驾驶员参与和驾驶员状态考虑较少这一问题,提出一种基于驾驶员状态预测的人机力矩协同(human-vehicle torque collaborative based on driver state prediction,HVTC-DSP)转向控制方法.该方法以力矩为人机交...针对人机协同转向控制中对于驾驶员参与和驾驶员状态考虑较少这一问题,提出一种基于驾驶员状态预测的人机力矩协同(human-vehicle torque collaborative based on driver state prediction,HVTC-DSP)转向控制方法.该方法以力矩为人机交互接口,提高了驾驶员的参与程度;同时,在控制器设计过程中采用模型预测控制方法,将驾驶员状态考虑在内,对驾驶员状态进行预测.采用高精度车辆仿真软件veDYNA进行仿真验证,结果表明,与不考虑驾驶员状态的人机协同力矩(human-vehicle torque collaborative based on no driver state prediction,HVTC-NDSP)转向控制方法相比,所提方法可以使辅助力矩更好地跟随驾驶员动作,提高车辆转向性能,减小侧向位移偏差,同时对不同驾驶员也有较好的适应性.进而,以驾驶员下一步动作为参考,使驾驶员当前力矩尽可能接近下一步期望的力矩,在转向性能几乎不受影响的情况下,适当减轻驾驶员操作负担.展开更多
文摘The recent high-performance interfaces like DDR2, DDR3, USB and Serial ATA require their output drivers to provide a minimum variation of rise and fall times over Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) and output load variations. As the interface speed grows up, the output drivers have been important component for high quality signal integrity, because the output voltage levels and slew rate are mainly determined by the output drivers. The output driver impedance compliance with the transmission line is a key factor in noise minimization due to the signal reflections. In this paper, the different implementations of PVT compensation circuits are analyzed for cmos45nm and cmos65nm technology processes. One of the considered PVT compensation circuits uses the analog compensation approach. This circuit was designed in cmos45nm technology. Other two PVT compensation circuits use the digital compensation method. These circuits were designed in cmos65nm technology. Their electrical characteristics are matched with the requirements for I/O drivers with respect to DDR2 and DDR3 standards. DDR2 I/O design was done by the Freescale wireless design team for mobile phones and later was re-used for other high speed interface designs. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of considered PVT control circuits are analyzed.
文摘针对人机协同转向控制中对于驾驶员参与和驾驶员状态考虑较少这一问题,提出一种基于驾驶员状态预测的人机力矩协同(human-vehicle torque collaborative based on driver state prediction,HVTC-DSP)转向控制方法.该方法以力矩为人机交互接口,提高了驾驶员的参与程度;同时,在控制器设计过程中采用模型预测控制方法,将驾驶员状态考虑在内,对驾驶员状态进行预测.采用高精度车辆仿真软件veDYNA进行仿真验证,结果表明,与不考虑驾驶员状态的人机协同力矩(human-vehicle torque collaborative based on no driver state prediction,HVTC-NDSP)转向控制方法相比,所提方法可以使辅助力矩更好地跟随驾驶员动作,提高车辆转向性能,减小侧向位移偏差,同时对不同驾驶员也有较好的适应性.进而,以驾驶员下一步动作为参考,使驾驶员当前力矩尽可能接近下一步期望的力矩,在转向性能几乎不受影响的情况下,适当减轻驾驶员操作负担.
