This study assessed the associations between vaginal douching practice and the adverse reproductive tract outcomes, and the risk modulating factors among young women. The data source was a cross-sectional population b...This study assessed the associations between vaginal douching practice and the adverse reproductive tract outcomes, and the risk modulating factors among young women. The data source was a cross-sectional population based sample of 1488 women aged 18-35 years in a university community. Self-administered socio-demographic and female genital hygiene practices questionnaire were used to survey the participants. The overall prevalence of vaginal douching was 79.8%. Pelvic pain, vaginal itching, and vaginal discharge were significantly associated with higher odds for douching. Moreover, participants with menstrual disorders such as menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, and inter-menstrual bleeding douche more often than those without these disorders. Early-onset, higher-frequency, and prolonged douching, as well as douching with commercial vaginal deodorant and inserting the nozzle of the douching tube inside the vagina were associated with higher rate of pelvic and menstrual disorders. The present study revealed a paradoxical relation between vaginal douching and adverse reproductive tract disorders, which supports the hypothesis of confounding by indication. The direction of the association is dependent on several modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors.展开更多
Introduction:Worldwide,women perform a variety of vaginal practices to enhance their intimate hygiene and sexual health.Objective:To conduct a systematic review to assess the different kinds of intimate hygiene practi...Introduction:Worldwide,women perform a variety of vaginal practices to enhance their intimate hygiene and sexual health.Objective:To conduct a systematic review to assess the different kinds of intimate hygiene practices and their association with reproductive tract infections and complications.Methods:PubMed,Medline and The Cochrane Library were used.Both observational and interventional studies targeting the urogenital infections and their association with hygiene practices were included.Exclusion criteria included studies that assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards intimate hygiene practices rather than their relation to infections.The design of this systematic review complied with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA).Results:Fifteen articles were included.Intravaginal practices were found to be associated with reproductive tract infections.Reusable absorbent material used during menstruation increased the risk of Candida infection with an adjusted proportional reported ratio(aPRR)of 1.54(95%CI 1.2–2.0),but no association with bacterial vaginosis or trichomonas vaginalis infection was noted.Bathing or vaginal washing during menstruation with water only showed a higher association with symptoms of urogenital infections when compared with washing with both soap and water during menstruation.Drying reusable pads inside the house and storing them inside the toilet was found to be associated with a higher candida infection prevalence.Moreover,bathing in sitting position during menstruation,not drying the genital area or using cloth for drying it,and not paying attention to hand washing,were all associated with a higher risk of genital infections.Finally,postpartum use of native homemade vaginal preparations might be a risk factor for ascending vaginal infections,and the use of inappropriate material for menstrual blood absorption was associated with secondary infertility.Conclusion:Several hygiene practices put women at higher risk for reproductive展开更多
文摘This study assessed the associations between vaginal douching practice and the adverse reproductive tract outcomes, and the risk modulating factors among young women. The data source was a cross-sectional population based sample of 1488 women aged 18-35 years in a university community. Self-administered socio-demographic and female genital hygiene practices questionnaire were used to survey the participants. The overall prevalence of vaginal douching was 79.8%. Pelvic pain, vaginal itching, and vaginal discharge were significantly associated with higher odds for douching. Moreover, participants with menstrual disorders such as menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, and inter-menstrual bleeding douche more often than those without these disorders. Early-onset, higher-frequency, and prolonged douching, as well as douching with commercial vaginal deodorant and inserting the nozzle of the douching tube inside the vagina were associated with higher rate of pelvic and menstrual disorders. The present study revealed a paradoxical relation between vaginal douching and adverse reproductive tract disorders, which supports the hypothesis of confounding by indication. The direction of the association is dependent on several modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors.
文摘Introduction:Worldwide,women perform a variety of vaginal practices to enhance their intimate hygiene and sexual health.Objective:To conduct a systematic review to assess the different kinds of intimate hygiene practices and their association with reproductive tract infections and complications.Methods:PubMed,Medline and The Cochrane Library were used.Both observational and interventional studies targeting the urogenital infections and their association with hygiene practices were included.Exclusion criteria included studies that assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards intimate hygiene practices rather than their relation to infections.The design of this systematic review complied with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA).Results:Fifteen articles were included.Intravaginal practices were found to be associated with reproductive tract infections.Reusable absorbent material used during menstruation increased the risk of Candida infection with an adjusted proportional reported ratio(aPRR)of 1.54(95%CI 1.2–2.0),but no association with bacterial vaginosis or trichomonas vaginalis infection was noted.Bathing or vaginal washing during menstruation with water only showed a higher association with symptoms of urogenital infections when compared with washing with both soap and water during menstruation.Drying reusable pads inside the house and storing them inside the toilet was found to be associated with a higher candida infection prevalence.Moreover,bathing in sitting position during menstruation,not drying the genital area or using cloth for drying it,and not paying attention to hand washing,were all associated with a higher risk of genital infections.Finally,postpartum use of native homemade vaginal preparations might be a risk factor for ascending vaginal infections,and the use of inappropriate material for menstrual blood absorption was associated with secondary infertility.Conclusion:Several hygiene practices put women at higher risk for reproductive
