Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks;however,the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products(DBPs)to occupational populations are unknown.This study...Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks;however,the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products(DBPs)to occupational populations are unknown.This study aimed to assess the exposure status of chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and the health risks to employees of large amusement parks.Methods Exposure parameters of employees of three large amusement parks in Shanghai were investigated using a questionnaire.Seven typical chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and spray samples were quantified by gas chromatography,and the health risks to amusement park employees exposed to chlorinated DBPs were evaluated according to the WHO's risk assessment framework.Results Trichloroacetic acid,dibromochloromethane,bromodichloromethane,and dichloroacetic acid were detected predominantly in recreational water.The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five DBPs did not exceed the risk thresholds.In addition,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of mixed exposure to DBPs were within the acceptable risk limits.Conclusion Typical DBPs were widely detected in recreational water collected from three large amusement parks in Shanghai;however,the health risks of DBPs and their mixtures were within acceptable limits.展开更多
For the invasion of seawater and the stress of human activities,bromide ion(Br−)exists widely in drinking water sources,and it was found to influence the formation of non-brominated but carcinogenic nitrogen-containin...For the invasion of seawater and the stress of human activities,bromide ion(Br−)exists widely in drinking water sources,and it was found to influence the formation of non-brominated but carcinogenic nitrogen-containing disinfection by-product nitroso-dimethylamine(NDMA)during chloramination(NH2Cl).The presence of Br−leads to the formation of bromine-active species,such as bromamines(NH2Br),bromochloramine(NHClBr),as well as hypobromous acid(HOBr),which are more reactive with NDMA precursors than chlorine-active species,so might promote NDMA generation.This review mainly focuses on the influencing laws,as well as the factors(disinfection conditions and characteristics of water matrixes)that affected NMDA formation during chloramination with Br−.In addition,the possible influencing pathways are discussed.Finally,based on the above summary,measures pertaining to reduce the impact of Br−on NDMA production are concluded.This review would provide a theoretical reference for drinking water treatment plants to deal with bromine-containing water during chloramination.展开更多
Haloacetaldehydes(HALs)are the third largest disinfection by-products(DBPs)class by mass in drinking water.Most of them alone in high doses are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than regulated DBPs.However,the toxic effect...Haloacetaldehydes(HALs)are the third largest disinfection by-products(DBPs)class by mass in drinking water.Most of them alone in high doses are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than regulated DBPs.However,the toxic effects of mixed exposure to HALs at environmentally relevant levels are still unknown.Given that genotoxicity is critical for risk assessment,we employed multiple genotoxic tests including the Salmonella typhimurium revertant mutation assay(Ames assay),the single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE)assay,the cytoplasmic blocking micronucleus(CBMN)assay,and theγ-H2AX assay to investigate the genotoxicity of HALs based on the HALs concentrations and components detected in the finished drinking water of Shanghai,China.The results demonstrated the concentrations of HALs were low,ranging from 0.04µg/L to 4.47µg/L,and the total concentration was 10.85µg/L.Although the mutagenicity of HALs was negative even at 1000-fold concentrations in the real world,mixed exposure to 100 and 1000-fold concentrations HALs resulted in DNA and chromosomal damage in human hepotocyte(HepG2)cells.HALs significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)andγ-H2AX and activated nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2(NRF2)pathway-related protein expressions in HepG2 cells.The antioxidant NAC could ameliorate NRF2 pathway-related protein expression and DNA damage caused by HALs,suggesting that the genotoxicity of mixed exposure to HALs involved cellular oxidative stress and NRF2 pathway activation.展开更多
基金funded by the Foundation of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants(Grant No.SEPKL-EHIAEC-202210)the Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(Grant No.202240327)the Key Discipline Project of the Three-year Action Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai(2023-2025)(Grant No.GWVI-11.1-38)。
文摘Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks;however,the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products(DBPs)to occupational populations are unknown.This study aimed to assess the exposure status of chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and the health risks to employees of large amusement parks.Methods Exposure parameters of employees of three large amusement parks in Shanghai were investigated using a questionnaire.Seven typical chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and spray samples were quantified by gas chromatography,and the health risks to amusement park employees exposed to chlorinated DBPs were evaluated according to the WHO's risk assessment framework.Results Trichloroacetic acid,dibromochloromethane,bromodichloromethane,and dichloroacetic acid were detected predominantly in recreational water.The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five DBPs did not exceed the risk thresholds.In addition,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of mixed exposure to DBPs were within the acceptable risk limits.Conclusion Typical DBPs were widely detected in recreational water collected from three large amusement parks in Shanghai;however,the health risks of DBPs and their mixtures were within acceptable limits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878301).
文摘For the invasion of seawater and the stress of human activities,bromide ion(Br−)exists widely in drinking water sources,and it was found to influence the formation of non-brominated but carcinogenic nitrogen-containing disinfection by-product nitroso-dimethylamine(NDMA)during chloramination(NH2Cl).The presence of Br−leads to the formation of bromine-active species,such as bromamines(NH2Br),bromochloramine(NHClBr),as well as hypobromous acid(HOBr),which are more reactive with NDMA precursors than chlorine-active species,so might promote NDMA generation.This review mainly focuses on the influencing laws,as well as the factors(disinfection conditions and characteristics of water matrixes)that affected NMDA formation during chloramination with Br−.In addition,the possible influencing pathways are discussed.Finally,based on the above summary,measures pertaining to reduce the impact of Br−on NDMA production are concluded.This review would provide a theoretical reference for drinking water treatment plants to deal with bromine-containing water during chloramination.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81630088,81273035,81325017)the Changjiang Scholars Program,Ministry of Education,China(No.T2014089).
文摘Haloacetaldehydes(HALs)are the third largest disinfection by-products(DBPs)class by mass in drinking water.Most of them alone in high doses are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than regulated DBPs.However,the toxic effects of mixed exposure to HALs at environmentally relevant levels are still unknown.Given that genotoxicity is critical for risk assessment,we employed multiple genotoxic tests including the Salmonella typhimurium revertant mutation assay(Ames assay),the single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE)assay,the cytoplasmic blocking micronucleus(CBMN)assay,and theγ-H2AX assay to investigate the genotoxicity of HALs based on the HALs concentrations and components detected in the finished drinking water of Shanghai,China.The results demonstrated the concentrations of HALs were low,ranging from 0.04µg/L to 4.47µg/L,and the total concentration was 10.85µg/L.Although the mutagenicity of HALs was negative even at 1000-fold concentrations in the real world,mixed exposure to 100 and 1000-fold concentrations HALs resulted in DNA and chromosomal damage in human hepotocyte(HepG2)cells.HALs significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)andγ-H2AX and activated nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2(NRF2)pathway-related protein expressions in HepG2 cells.The antioxidant NAC could ameliorate NRF2 pathway-related protein expression and DNA damage caused by HALs,suggesting that the genotoxicity of mixed exposure to HALs involved cellular oxidative stress and NRF2 pathway activation.