High-performance Pb(Zr_(1−x)Ti_(x))O_(3)(PZT)piezoceramics are urgently desired by the market in view of their expanded operating temperature range,reduced property temperature dependence,and enhanced sensitivity and ...High-performance Pb(Zr_(1−x)Ti_(x))O_(3)(PZT)piezoceramics are urgently desired by the market in view of their expanded operating temperature range,reduced property temperature dependence,and enhanced sensitivity and acoustic power.In this work,we reported a kind of low-cost and high-performance 0.06BiYbO_(3)–0.94Pb(Zr_(0.48)Ti_(0.52))O_(3) ternary piezoceramics;the modifying effects of La_(2)O_(3) on this perovskite system were investigated in terms of the structures,electrical properties,and thermal depolarization behaviors of ceramics.The field-dependent dielectric and conduction properties indicated that there are close correlations among oxygen vacancies(VO),conducting electrons,and intrinsic conduction process.The degradation in ferroelectric properties observed in those samples doped with more than 0.15 wt%of La_(2)O_(3) indicated that the occupying mechanisms of La^(3+)changed from the donor substitution for Pb^(2+)to the isovalent substitution for Bi^(3+).The thermally depoling micromechanisms of ceramics were revealed from the thermodynamic processes of defect dipoles and intrinsic dipoles within ferroelectric domains.The sample doped with 0.15 wt%of La_(2)O_(3) shows excellent electrical properties with TC=387℃,d33=332 pC/N,TKε=5.81×10^(−3)℃−1,Pr=20.66μC/cm^(2),Td=356℃.The significantly enhanced electrical properties and thermal depolarization temperature benefited from the donor substitution of La3+,decreasing the oxygen vacancy concentration in the lattice and possibly optimizing the ferroelectric domain structure of ceramics.展开更多
In this article the electron is conceived as an extended particle, consisting of a negatively charged core (-q<sub>0</sub>) which is surrounded by a cloud of electric dipoles (-q, +q). The article presents...In this article the electron is conceived as an extended particle, consisting of a negatively charged core (-q<sub>0</sub>) which is surrounded by a cloud of electric dipoles (-q, +q). The article presents the illustrations that show how and why the electron spins and radiates in an external electric field. In the appendices, Bremsstrahlung & Cerenkov radiations, and the processes of Emission & Absorption of photons will be discussed.展开更多
Design and modification of interfaces have been the main strategies in developing perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Among the interfacial treatments, dipole molecules have emerged as a practical approach to improve the ef...Design and modification of interfaces have been the main strategies in developing perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Among the interfacial treatments, dipole molecules have emerged as a practical approach to improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs due to their unique and versatile abilities to control the interfacial properties. Despite extensive applications in conventional semiconductors, working principles and design of interfacial dipoles in the performance/stability enhancement of PSCs are lacking an insightful elucidation. In this review, we first discuss the fundamental properties of electric dipoles and the specific roles of interfacial dipoles in PSCs. Then we systematically summarize the recent progress of dipole materials in several key interfaces to achieve efficient and stable PSCs. In addition to such discussions, we also dive into reliable analytical techniques to support the characterization of interfacial dipoles in PSCs. Finally, we highlight future directions and potential avenues for research in the development of dipolar materials through tailored molecular designs. Our review sheds light on the importance of continued efforts in this exciting emerging field, which holds great potential for the development of high-performance and stable PSCs as commercially demanded.展开更多
According to Hypersphere World-Universe Model, dark matter particles DIRACs are magnetic dipoles consisting of two Dirac’s monopoles. We conclude that DIRACs are the subject of Maxwell’s equations. So-called “auxil...According to Hypersphere World-Universe Model, dark matter particles DIRACs are magnetic dipoles consisting of two Dirac’s monopoles. We conclude that DIRACs are the subject of Maxwell’s equations. So-called “auxiliary” magnetic field intensity H is indeed current density of magnetic dipoles. The developed approach to magnetic field can explain a wealth of discovered phenomena in Cosmic Magnetism: a dark magnetic field, the large-scale structure of the Milky Way’s magnetic field, and other magnetic phenomena which are only partly related to objects visible in other spectral ranges.展开更多
With the emergence of new materials for high-efficiency organic solar cells(OSCs),understanding and finetuning the interface energetics become increasingly important.Precise determination of the so-called pinning ener...With the emergence of new materials for high-efficiency organic solar cells(OSCs),understanding and finetuning the interface energetics become increasingly important.Precise determination of the so-called pinning energies,one of the critical characteristics of the material to predict the energy level alignment(ELA)at either electrode/organic or organic/organic interfaces,are urgently needed for the new materials.Here,pinning energies of a wide variety of newly developed donors and nonfullerene acceptors(NFAs)are measured through ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy.The positive pinning energies of the studied donors and the negative pinning energies of NFAs are in the same energy range of 4.3−4.6 eV,which follows the design rules developed for fullerene-based OSCs.The ELA for metal/organic and inorganic/organic interfaces follows the predicted behavior for all of the materials studied.For organic-organic heterojunctions where both the donor and the NFA feature strong intramolecular charge transfer,the pinning energies often underestimate the experimentally obtained interface vacuum level shift,which has consequences for OSC device performance.展开更多
A NiO/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) heterojunction-gate field effect transistor(HJ-FET)is fabricated and it_(s)instability mechanisms are exper-imentally investigated under different gate stress voltage(V_(G,s))and stress times(t_(s...A NiO/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) heterojunction-gate field effect transistor(HJ-FET)is fabricated and it_(s)instability mechanisms are exper-imentally investigated under different gate stress voltage(V_(G,s))and stress times(t_(s)).Two different degradation mechanisms of the devices under negative bias stress(NBS)are identified.At low V_(G,s)for a short t_(s),NiO bulk traps trapping/de-trapping elec-trons are responsible for decrease/recovery of the leakage current,respectively.At higher V_(G,s)or long t_(s),the device transfer char-acteristic curves and threshold voltage(V_(TH))are almost permanently negatively shifted.This is because the interface dipoles are almost permanently ionized and neutralize the ionized charges in the space charge region(SCR)across the heterojunction inter-face,resulting in a narrowing SCR.This provides an important theoretical guide to study the reliability of NiO/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) hetero-junction devices in power electronic applications.展开更多
In this communication,a frequency-,radiation pattern-and polarization-reconfigurable antenna employing liquid metal is presented.Two crossed dipole antennas are surrounded by four independent reflectors and directors ...In this communication,a frequency-,radiation pattern-and polarization-reconfigurable antenna employing liquid metal is presented.Two crossed dipole antennas are surrounded by four independent reflectors and directors to realize multi-beam switching.The length of dipole arms can be adjusted by extracting the liquid metal from the needle tube to achieve frequency reconfiguration.The polarization can be switched by injecting liquid metal into different dipole microfluidic channels.It is simple in design and has multiple reconfigurable capabilities.An antenna with a relative frequency tuning range of 35.8%extending from 2.43 GHz to 3.49 GHz is fabricated.It also can perform 6 kinds of beam steering over a 360°coverage and switch between two different polarizations.The antenna has potential to employ cognitive radio(CR)and base station in wireless systems.展开更多
PbTiO_(3)-based piezoelectric ceramics are key materials for developing various electromechanical transduc-ers.For high-power ultrasonic transducers,piezoelectric ceramics are required to possess large piezo-electric ...PbTiO_(3)-based piezoelectric ceramics are key materials for developing various electromechanical transduc-ers.For high-power ultrasonic transducers,piezoelectric ceramics are required to possess large piezo-electric coefficient(d_(33))and high mechanical quality factor(Q_(m)).Although acceptor dopants can im-prove Q_(m),they also deteriorate d_(33).If suitable piezoelectricity-beneficial donor dopants can be intro-duced into acceptor-doped ceramics,it is very possible to obtain large d_(33)and high Q_(m)simultaneously in donor and acceptor co-doped ceramics.In this work,a series of x mol%Sm and y mol%Mn co-doped Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-30PbTiO_(3)(PMN-30PT:x Sm,y Mn)ceramics were prepared by the solid-phase sintered method.The crystal structure,local domain structure and electromechanical properties were sys-tematically analyzed.Optimal performances were obtained in PMN-30PT:2.5Sm,1-2Mn ceramics with d_(33)=860-543 pC/N,Q_(m)=495-754,and dielectric loss tanδ=0.0055-0.0086.This high performance origi-nates from the combined effects of(Mn″Ti−V_(o)^(••))^(×)defect dipoles and the local structural heterogeneity.展开更多
Defect engineering has been applied to prepare materials with modifiable dielectric properties.SrTiNbxO3(x=0,0.003,0.006,0.009,0.012)ceramics were synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method and sint...Defect engineering has been applied to prepare materials with modifiable dielectric properties.SrTiNbxO3(x=0,0.003,0.006,0.009,0.012)ceramics were synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method and sintered in a reducing atmosphere.All samples show excellent dielectric properties with giant permittivity(>3.5×10^(4))and low dielectric loss(<0.01).SrTiNb0.003O3 ceramic exhibits a colossal permittivity of 4.6×10^(4)and an ultralow dielectric loss of 0.005(1 kHz,room temperature)as well as great temperature stability in the range of(−60)–160℃.The mechanism of the presented colossal permittivity(CP)properties is investigated by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and analyzing activation energies.The results indicate that the introduction of Nb5+and the reducing sintering atmosphere together generated the formation of Ti^(3+)and V_(O)^(**).These defects further form Ti-V_(O)^(**)-Ti'_(Ti)defect dipoles,contributing to the coexisting giant permittivity and low dielectric loss in Nb-doped SrTiO_(3)(STN)ceramics.展开更多
Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two...Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction FD in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that FD force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force FN. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.展开更多
The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fund...The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fundamental magnetic particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the moving electric charges are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Basic reasons of ignoring the magnetic fundamental particles by world physical theory, for almost 150 years, are the ultra-harsh confinement of these particles in substance which radically is different from the confinement electrons, as well as the vicious concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell. Rotating magnetic dipoles in conductors which are untwisted by electric current, are direct sources of the vortex magnetic field rot<em><strong>H</strong></em>. One should also expect the formation of a vortex electric field rot<em><strong>E </strong></em>forming by rotating electric dipoles which are untwisted by the current of magnetic charges. This article provides an experimental answer to the question: what field is formed around a conductor if joint direct currents of electric<em> <strong style="white-space:normal;"><em>J</em></strong></em><sub>e</sub> and magnetic<strong><em> J</em></strong><sub>g</sub> charges are passed through it? The author’s experiments have shown that in this case the vortex electromagnetic current is realized which manifests itself as the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field. It is possible to implement such a process, according to the results of the author’s research, exclusively in superconductors. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field which makes it possible to introduce such it states as paragravitation and ferrogravitation into representations. To create joint currents of electric and magnetic charges, the author used the inertial forces of these particl展开更多
Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, influences of different oxidants on band alignment of HfO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition （ALD） are investigated in this paper. The measured valence ban...Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, influences of different oxidants on band alignment of HfO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition （ALD） are investigated in this paper. The measured valence band offset （VBO） value for H2O-based HfO2 increases from 3.17 eV to 3.32 eV after annealing, whereas the VBO value for O3-based HfO2 decreases from 3.57 eV to 3.46 eV. The research results indicate that the silicate layer changes in different ways for H2O-based and O3-based HfO2 films after the annealing process, which plays a key role in generating the internal electric field formed by the dipoles. The variations of the dipoles at the interface between the HfO2 and SiO2 after annealing may lewd the VBO values of H2O-based and O3-based HfO2 to vary in different ways, which fits with the variation of fiat band （VFB） voltage.展开更多
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11702037 and 11832007)State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and astronautics(Grant No.MCMS-E-0522G01)+1 种基金the Open Foundation of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion(Grant No.MATEC2022KF001)as well as the Cultivation Project for the Natural Science Foundation and Highlevel Talent at Chengdu University(Grant No.Z1350).
文摘High-performance Pb(Zr_(1−x)Ti_(x))O_(3)(PZT)piezoceramics are urgently desired by the market in view of their expanded operating temperature range,reduced property temperature dependence,and enhanced sensitivity and acoustic power.In this work,we reported a kind of low-cost and high-performance 0.06BiYbO_(3)–0.94Pb(Zr_(0.48)Ti_(0.52))O_(3) ternary piezoceramics;the modifying effects of La_(2)O_(3) on this perovskite system were investigated in terms of the structures,electrical properties,and thermal depolarization behaviors of ceramics.The field-dependent dielectric and conduction properties indicated that there are close correlations among oxygen vacancies(VO),conducting electrons,and intrinsic conduction process.The degradation in ferroelectric properties observed in those samples doped with more than 0.15 wt%of La_(2)O_(3) indicated that the occupying mechanisms of La^(3+)changed from the donor substitution for Pb^(2+)to the isovalent substitution for Bi^(3+).The thermally depoling micromechanisms of ceramics were revealed from the thermodynamic processes of defect dipoles and intrinsic dipoles within ferroelectric domains.The sample doped with 0.15 wt%of La_(2)O_(3) shows excellent electrical properties with TC=387℃,d33=332 pC/N,TKε=5.81×10^(−3)℃−1,Pr=20.66μC/cm^(2),Td=356℃.The significantly enhanced electrical properties and thermal depolarization temperature benefited from the donor substitution of La3+,decreasing the oxygen vacancy concentration in the lattice and possibly optimizing the ferroelectric domain structure of ceramics.
文摘In this article the electron is conceived as an extended particle, consisting of a negatively charged core (-q<sub>0</sub>) which is surrounded by a cloud of electric dipoles (-q, +q). The article presents the illustrations that show how and why the electron spins and radiates in an external electric field. In the appendices, Bremsstrahlung & Cerenkov radiations, and the processes of Emission & Absorption of photons will be discussed.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB4200301)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZYGX2022YGRH010)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62274026, 52202216)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC0962, 2022NSFSC1797)。
文摘Design and modification of interfaces have been the main strategies in developing perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Among the interfacial treatments, dipole molecules have emerged as a practical approach to improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs due to their unique and versatile abilities to control the interfacial properties. Despite extensive applications in conventional semiconductors, working principles and design of interfacial dipoles in the performance/stability enhancement of PSCs are lacking an insightful elucidation. In this review, we first discuss the fundamental properties of electric dipoles and the specific roles of interfacial dipoles in PSCs. Then we systematically summarize the recent progress of dipole materials in several key interfaces to achieve efficient and stable PSCs. In addition to such discussions, we also dive into reliable analytical techniques to support the characterization of interfacial dipoles in PSCs. Finally, we highlight future directions and potential avenues for research in the development of dipolar materials through tailored molecular designs. Our review sheds light on the importance of continued efforts in this exciting emerging field, which holds great potential for the development of high-performance and stable PSCs as commercially demanded.
文摘According to Hypersphere World-Universe Model, dark matter particles DIRACs are magnetic dipoles consisting of two Dirac’s monopoles. We conclude that DIRACs are the subject of Maxwell’s equations. So-called “auxiliary” magnetic field intensity H is indeed current density of magnetic dipoles. The developed approach to magnetic field can explain a wealth of discovered phenomena in Cosmic Magnetism: a dark magnetic field, the large-scale structure of the Milky Way’s magnetic field, and other magnetic phenomena which are only partly related to objects visible in other spectral ranges.
基金the financial support from the Swedish Research Council(project grants no.2016-05498,2016-05990,and 2020-04538)the Swedish Energy Agency(grant.no.45411-1)+1 种基金by the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University(Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU no.200900971)support from the Wallenberg Wood Science Center(WWSC).
文摘With the emergence of new materials for high-efficiency organic solar cells(OSCs),understanding and finetuning the interface energetics become increasingly important.Precise determination of the so-called pinning energies,one of the critical characteristics of the material to predict the energy level alignment(ELA)at either electrode/organic or organic/organic interfaces,are urgently needed for the new materials.Here,pinning energies of a wide variety of newly developed donors and nonfullerene acceptors(NFAs)are measured through ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy.The positive pinning energies of the studied donors and the negative pinning energies of NFAs are in the same energy range of 4.3−4.6 eV,which follows the design rules developed for fullerene-based OSCs.The ELA for metal/organic and inorganic/organic interfaces follows the predicted behavior for all of the materials studied.For organic-organic heterojunctions where both the donor and the NFA feature strong intramolecular charge transfer,the pinning energies often underestimate the experimentally obtained interface vacuum level shift,which has consequences for OSC device performance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Strengthening Program Key Basic Research Project(Grant No.2021-173ZD-057).
文摘A NiO/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) heterojunction-gate field effect transistor(HJ-FET)is fabricated and it_(s)instability mechanisms are exper-imentally investigated under different gate stress voltage(V_(G,s))and stress times(t_(s)).Two different degradation mechanisms of the devices under negative bias stress(NBS)are identified.At low V_(G,s)for a short t_(s),NiO bulk traps trapping/de-trapping elec-trons are responsible for decrease/recovery of the leakage current,respectively.At higher V_(G,s)or long t_(s),the device transfer char-acteristic curves and threshold voltage(V_(TH))are almost permanently negatively shifted.This is because the interface dipoles are almost permanently ionized and neutralize the ionized charges in the space charge region(SCR)across the heterojunction inter-face,resulting in a narrowing SCR.This provides an important theoretical guide to study the reliability of NiO/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) hetero-junction devices in power electronic applications.
基金supported by the Project of Hebei Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Information Processing(20210004,20210012)。
文摘In this communication,a frequency-,radiation pattern-and polarization-reconfigurable antenna employing liquid metal is presented.Two crossed dipole antennas are surrounded by four independent reflectors and directors to realize multi-beam switching.The length of dipole arms can be adjusted by extracting the liquid metal from the needle tube to achieve frequency reconfiguration.The polarization can be switched by injecting liquid metal into different dipole microfluidic channels.It is simple in design and has multiple reconfigurable capabilities.An antenna with a relative frequency tuning range of 35.8%extending from 2.43 GHz to 3.49 GHz is fabricated.It also can perform 6 kinds of beam steering over a 360°coverage and switch between two different polarizations.The antenna has potential to employ cognitive radio(CR)and base station in wireless systems.
基金This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LH2021A012).
文摘PbTiO_(3)-based piezoelectric ceramics are key materials for developing various electromechanical transduc-ers.For high-power ultrasonic transducers,piezoelectric ceramics are required to possess large piezo-electric coefficient(d_(33))and high mechanical quality factor(Q_(m)).Although acceptor dopants can im-prove Q_(m),they also deteriorate d_(33).If suitable piezoelectricity-beneficial donor dopants can be intro-duced into acceptor-doped ceramics,it is very possible to obtain large d_(33)and high Q_(m)simultaneously in donor and acceptor co-doped ceramics.In this work,a series of x mol%Sm and y mol%Mn co-doped Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-30PbTiO_(3)(PMN-30PT:x Sm,y Mn)ceramics were prepared by the solid-phase sintered method.The crystal structure,local domain structure and electromechanical properties were sys-tematically analyzed.Optimal performances were obtained in PMN-30PT:2.5Sm,1-2Mn ceramics with d_(33)=860-543 pC/N,Q_(m)=495-754,and dielectric loss tanδ=0.0055-0.0086.This high performance origi-nates from the combined effects of(Mn″Ti−V_(o)^(••))^(×)defect dipoles and the local structural heterogeneity.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3800601)the Basic Science Center Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52388201).
文摘Defect engineering has been applied to prepare materials with modifiable dielectric properties.SrTiNbxO3(x=0,0.003,0.006,0.009,0.012)ceramics were synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method and sintered in a reducing atmosphere.All samples show excellent dielectric properties with giant permittivity(>3.5×10^(4))and low dielectric loss(<0.01).SrTiNb0.003O3 ceramic exhibits a colossal permittivity of 4.6×10^(4)and an ultralow dielectric loss of 0.005(1 kHz,room temperature)as well as great temperature stability in the range of(−60)–160℃.The mechanism of the presented colossal permittivity(CP)properties is investigated by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and analyzing activation energies.The results indicate that the introduction of Nb5+and the reducing sintering atmosphere together generated the formation of Ti^(3+)and V_(O)^(**).These defects further form Ti-V_(O)^(**)-Ti'_(Ti)defect dipoles,contributing to the coexisting giant permittivity and low dielectric loss in Nb-doped SrTiO_(3)(STN)ceramics.
文摘Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction FD in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that FD force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force FN. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.
文摘The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fundamental magnetic particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the moving electric charges are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Basic reasons of ignoring the magnetic fundamental particles by world physical theory, for almost 150 years, are the ultra-harsh confinement of these particles in substance which radically is different from the confinement electrons, as well as the vicious concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell. Rotating magnetic dipoles in conductors which are untwisted by electric current, are direct sources of the vortex magnetic field rot<em><strong>H</strong></em>. One should also expect the formation of a vortex electric field rot<em><strong>E </strong></em>forming by rotating electric dipoles which are untwisted by the current of magnetic charges. This article provides an experimental answer to the question: what field is formed around a conductor if joint direct currents of electric<em> <strong style="white-space:normal;"><em>J</em></strong></em><sub>e</sub> and magnetic<strong><em> J</em></strong><sub>g</sub> charges are passed through it? The author’s experiments have shown that in this case the vortex electromagnetic current is realized which manifests itself as the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field. It is possible to implement such a process, according to the results of the author’s research, exclusively in superconductors. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field which makes it possible to introduce such it states as paragravitation and ferrogravitation into representations. To create joint currents of electric and magnetic charges, the author used the inertial forces of these particl
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60976068 and 61076097)the Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project,Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 708083)
文摘Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, influences of different oxidants on band alignment of HfO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition （ALD） are investigated in this paper. The measured valence band offset （VBO） value for H2O-based HfO2 increases from 3.17 eV to 3.32 eV after annealing, whereas the VBO value for O3-based HfO2 decreases from 3.57 eV to 3.46 eV. The research results indicate that the silicate layer changes in different ways for H2O-based and O3-based HfO2 films after the annealing process, which plays a key role in generating the internal electric field formed by the dipoles. The variations of the dipoles at the interface between the HfO2 and SiO2 after annealing may lewd the VBO values of H2O-based and O3-based HfO2 to vary in different ways, which fits with the variation of fiat band （VFB） voltage.
