Objective： Cynanchum stauntonii and Cynanchum glaucescens are botanical species of Baiqian（Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma et Radix） in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, in which, however, there are no microscopic identification....Objective： Cynanchum stauntonii and Cynanchum glaucescens are botanical species of Baiqian（Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma et Radix） in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, in which, however, there are no microscopic identification. Therefore, we provided the morphological and microscopic identification of the crude drug for updating Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Methods： Twelve batches of C. stauntonii and three batches of C. glaucescens and their crude drugs were taxonomically, morphologically, and microscopically examined.Results： Taxonomically, C. stauntonii had narrowly lanceolate leaves with acuminate apex and 5 mm long petiole; Whereas C. glaucescens was oblong-lanceolate or oblong with rounded or acute apex in leaves,and had very short or no petiole. Morphologically, rhizomes of C. stauntonii and C. glaucescens both had hollow pith, but the hollow pith occupied about a half of the rhizome＇s diameter in C. stauntonii, whereas only a very small proportion of the overall diameter in C. glaucescens. Moreover, microscopic observation showed the difference in the proportion of xylem and in rhizome transverse-sections of the two species along with the difference in the size of the pith. Finally, laticifers and rhizome epidermal secretory cells were present in the powders of C. stauntonii, but absent from C. glaucescens.Conclusion： Based on observation of morphological and microscopic characteristics, the two species can be distinguished by the size of the pith, proportion of xylem of rhizomes, and crude drug powder characters such as laticifers and secretory cells.展开更多
[Objectives] To develop a method for separation and purification of acetophenones from Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark by combination of silica gel and high-speed counter-current chromatography( HSCCC). [Methods]The ...[Objectives] To develop a method for separation and purification of acetophenones from Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark by combination of silica gel and high-speed counter-current chromatography( HSCCC). [Methods]The crude extract of Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark was separated by silica gel column chromatography,and parts A and B containing acetophenones were obtained. Then,parts A and B were separated by HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water( 4∶ 6∶ 4. 5∶ 5. 5 and4∶ 6 ∶ 3 ∶ 7, V/V), respectively. [Results] From 260 mg of part A, four compounds with p-dihydroxybenzene 3. 9 mg(Ⅰ),4-hydroxyacetophenone 17. 1 mg( Ⅱ),2,5-di-hydroxyacetophenone 13. 3 mg(Ⅲ) and 2,4-dihydroxyaceto-phenone 21. 0 mg(Ⅳ) were obtained. And from 300 mg of part B,136 mg of Radix Cynanchi Bungei benzophenone(Ⅴ) was obtained. The purity of compounds determined by HPLC was 97. 0%,96. 6%,99. 2%,99. 7%,99. 5%,respectively. [Conclusions] The established method is simple and efficient. It can be used for separation of acetophenones from Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark and has better practical value,which could provide a reference basis for development and utilization of Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark.展开更多
Currently in China,no technically and economically viable methods exist to handle large quantities of Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue(CA residue) after camptothecin extract while there is a great demand for low co...Currently in China,no technically and economically viable methods exist to handle large quantities of Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue(CA residue) after camptothecin extract while there is a great demand for low cost alternatives to replace the cottonseed hull-based materials used in commercial mushroom culture.Hence,it is of importance for camptothecin extract factories and mushroom producers to explore the utilization of CA residue in mushroom industry.We conducted a research to study how partially or completely substituting traditional mushroom substrate by CA residue would influence the mycelial growth in mushroom spawn production.5 mushroom strains from 4 species were used in the test,i.e.,oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatu) strains,Zayou No.1 and Xide 33,needle mushroom(Flammulina velutipes) strain Chuanjin No.3,hairy wood ear(Auricularia polytricha) strain Huang Er No.10,and shiitake(Lentinula edodes) strain Wuxiang.The nutrient element composition and heavy metal contents of CA residue were determined to ensure its safety and to determine its appropriate component in the substrate formulation for mushroom spawn production.The four substrate formulations(one control-CK,and three treatments,named,T1,T2,T3,) contained 0%,40%,79%,and 100% CA residue,respectively,to allow comparison of the fungal mycelial growth.The control(CK) was the popularly used formulation in Chinese commercial mushroom production,comprising of 73% cottonseed hulls,10% sawdust,15% wheat bran,1% lime,1% white sugar(percentage by weight).All mushroom spawns of the five strains in the four treatments were incubated under the same conditions.The results showed that mycelia of the five mushroom strains grew significantly faster on the substrates containing CA residue than on the substrate with no CA residue(CK).There were no significant differences in the mycelial growth rate among treatments containing CA residue for the two oyster mushrooms and the needle mushroom,but mycelial growth rate in treatments T2 and T3 was significantly higher 展开更多
基金supported by the National Science&Technology Major Project“Key New Drug Creation and Manufacturing Program”(2009ZX09308-005)
文摘Objective： Cynanchum stauntonii and Cynanchum glaucescens are botanical species of Baiqian（Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma et Radix） in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, in which, however, there are no microscopic identification. Therefore, we provided the morphological and microscopic identification of the crude drug for updating Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Methods： Twelve batches of C. stauntonii and three batches of C. glaucescens and their crude drugs were taxonomically, morphologically, and microscopically examined.Results： Taxonomically, C. stauntonii had narrowly lanceolate leaves with acuminate apex and 5 mm long petiole; Whereas C. glaucescens was oblong-lanceolate or oblong with rounded or acute apex in leaves,and had very short or no petiole. Morphologically, rhizomes of C. stauntonii and C. glaucescens both had hollow pith, but the hollow pith occupied about a half of the rhizome＇s diameter in C. stauntonii, whereas only a very small proportion of the overall diameter in C. glaucescens. Moreover, microscopic observation showed the difference in the proportion of xylem and in rhizome transverse-sections of the two species along with the difference in the size of the pith. Finally, laticifers and rhizome epidermal secretory cells were present in the powders of C. stauntonii, but absent from C. glaucescens.Conclusion： Based on observation of morphological and microscopic characteristics, the two species can be distinguished by the size of the pith, proportion of xylem of rhizomes, and crude drug powder characters such as laticifers and secretory cells.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation Item of 2014(81373941)Shandong Natural Science Foundation Item of 2012(ZR2012HM047)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Plan Item of Shandong(2014G2X219003)Major Project of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(201407002)
文摘[Objectives] To develop a method for separation and purification of acetophenones from Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark by combination of silica gel and high-speed counter-current chromatography( HSCCC). [Methods]The crude extract of Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark was separated by silica gel column chromatography,and parts A and B containing acetophenones were obtained. Then,parts A and B were separated by HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water( 4∶ 6∶ 4. 5∶ 5. 5 and4∶ 6 ∶ 3 ∶ 7, V/V), respectively. [Results] From 260 mg of part A, four compounds with p-dihydroxybenzene 3. 9 mg(Ⅰ),4-hydroxyacetophenone 17. 1 mg( Ⅱ),2,5-di-hydroxyacetophenone 13. 3 mg(Ⅲ) and 2,4-dihydroxyaceto-phenone 21. 0 mg(Ⅳ) were obtained. And from 300 mg of part B,136 mg of Radix Cynanchi Bungei benzophenone(Ⅴ) was obtained. The purity of compounds determined by HPLC was 97. 0%,96. 6%,99. 2%,99. 7%,99. 5%,respectively. [Conclusions] The established method is simple and efficient. It can be used for separation of acetophenones from Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark and has better practical value,which could provide a reference basis for development and utilization of Cynanchum bengei Decne root bark.
基金funded by theCrop Breeding Key Project of Sichuan Province(Grant No. 2006YZGG 26)
文摘Currently in China,no technically and economically viable methods exist to handle large quantities of Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue(CA residue) after camptothecin extract while there is a great demand for low cost alternatives to replace the cottonseed hull-based materials used in commercial mushroom culture.Hence,it is of importance for camptothecin extract factories and mushroom producers to explore the utilization of CA residue in mushroom industry.We conducted a research to study how partially or completely substituting traditional mushroom substrate by CA residue would influence the mycelial growth in mushroom spawn production.5 mushroom strains from 4 species were used in the test,i.e.,oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatu) strains,Zayou No.1 and Xide 33,needle mushroom(Flammulina velutipes) strain Chuanjin No.3,hairy wood ear(Auricularia polytricha) strain Huang Er No.10,and shiitake(Lentinula edodes) strain Wuxiang.The nutrient element composition and heavy metal contents of CA residue were determined to ensure its safety and to determine its appropriate component in the substrate formulation for mushroom spawn production.The four substrate formulations(one control-CK,and three treatments,named,T1,T2,T3,) contained 0%,40%,79%,and 100% CA residue,respectively,to allow comparison of the fungal mycelial growth.The control(CK) was the popularly used formulation in Chinese commercial mushroom production,comprising of 73% cottonseed hulls,10% sawdust,15% wheat bran,1% lime,1% white sugar(percentage by weight).All mushroom spawns of the five strains in the four treatments were incubated under the same conditions.The results showed that mycelia of the five mushroom strains grew significantly faster on the substrates containing CA residue than on the substrate with no CA residue(CK).There were no significant differences in the mycelial growth rate among treatments containing CA residue for the two oyster mushrooms and the needle mushroom,but mycelial growth rate in treatments T2 and T3 was significantly higher
