一、目的为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中华医学会器官移植学分会根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规，并借鉴国外经验，结合我国国情，制订了《中国心脏死亡...一、目的为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中华医学会器官移植学分会根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规，并借鉴国外经验，结合我国国情，制订了《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》（以下简称“《指南》”），目的是在尊重捐献者权益的基础上，建立一个合法的、符合医学伦理的临床应用程序，展开更多
In China,lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality.Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use,family history,radiation exposure,and the presence of chronic lung diseases.Most early-...In China,lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality.Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use,family history,radiation exposure,and the presence of chronic lung diseases.Most early-stage non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients miss the optimal timing for treatment due to the lack of clinical presentations.Population-based nationwide screening programs are of significant help in increasing the early detection and survival rates of NSCLC in China.The understanding of molecular carcinogenesis and the identification of oncogenic drivers dramatically facilitate the development of targeted therapy for NSCLC,thus prolonging survival in patients with positive drivers.In the exploration of immune escape mechanisms,programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitor monotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy have become a standard of care for advanced NSCLC in China.In the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology’s guidelines for NSCLC,maintenance immunotherapy is recommended for locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy.Adjuvant immunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy will be approved for resectable NSCLC.In this review,we summarized recent advances in NSCLC in China in terms of epidemiology,biology,molecular pathology,pathogenesis,screening,diagnosis,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy。展开更多
Multidrug resistance(MDR) occurs frequently after long-term chemotherapy, resulting in refractory cancer and tumor recurrence.Therefore, combatting MDR is an important issue. Autophagy, a self-degradative system, univ...Multidrug resistance(MDR) occurs frequently after long-term chemotherapy, resulting in refractory cancer and tumor recurrence.Therefore, combatting MDR is an important issue. Autophagy, a self-degradative system, universally arises during the treatment of sensitive and MDR cancer. Autophagy can be a double-edged sword for MDR tumors: it participates in the development of MDR and protects cancer cells from chemotherapeutics but can also kill MDR cancer cells in which apoptosis pathways are inactive. Autophagy induced by anticancer drugs could also activate apoptosis signaling pathways in MDR cells, facilitating MDR reversal. Therefore, research on the regulation of autophagy to combat MDR is expanding and is becoming increasingly important. We summarize advanced studies of autophagy in MDR tumors, including the variable role of autophagy in MDR cancer cells.展开更多
一、目的 为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中国人体器官捐献委员会（China Organ Donation Committee，CODC）根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规制订一个全国统...一、目的 为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中国人体器官捐献委员会（China Organ Donation Committee，CODC）根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规制订一个全国统一的DCD指南，目的是建立一个符合伦理和可操作的程序，在尊重患者权利的基础上，提出实施DCD时合法的、符合伦理的、医学上可接受的建议，期望避免任何可能对患者、患者家属、受者和医护队伍造成的伤害。展开更多
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid specie...Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid species derived from the peroxidation of lipids,which can be prevented by iron chelators(e.g.deferiprone,deferoxamine)and small lipophilic antioxidants(e.g,ferrostatin,liproxstatin).This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its association withseveral pathways,including iron,lipid,and cysteine metabolism.We have further discussed the contribution of ferroptosis to thepathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer,ischemia/reperfusion,and various neurodegenerative diseases(e.g.Alzheimersdisease and Parkinson's disease),and evaluated the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis inhibitors in clinics.展开更多
目的系统了解我国流感死亡负担研究进展和主要结果。方法以流感、流行性感冒、流感大流行、H1N1、死亡、病死和负担,以及influenza、flu、H1N1、pandemic、mortality、death、fatality、burden、China、Chinese为关键词,检索中国知网、...目的系统了解我国流感死亡负担研究进展和主要结果。方法以流感、流行性感冒、流感大流行、H1N1、死亡、病死和负担,以及influenza、flu、H1N1、pandemic、mortality、death、fatality、burden、China、Chinese为关键词,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普资讯、PubMed、Web of Science和Embase数据库中1990—2018年发表的有关中国的流感死亡负担研究的文献(不包括中国香港、澳门和台湾地区文献),语种限定为中文和英文。共纳入17篇有效文献,对纳入文献的基本信息、模型方法学及结果等信息进行摘录和整理分析。结果17篇文献均采用了间接模型的研究方法,研究指标均为超额死亡率,其中14篇采用回归模型;主要以全死因(16篇)、呼吸及循环系统疾病(14篇)和肺炎及流感(10篇)作为流感相关死因。老人死亡负担较重,相关全死因、呼吸及循环系统疾病和肺炎及流感超额死亡率最低分别为49.57/10万、30.80/10万和0.69/10万,最高分别为228.16/10万、170.20/10万和30.35/10万;非老年组最低分别为-0.27/10万、-0.08/10万和0.04/10万,最高为3.63/10万、2.6/10万和0.91/10万人。北方地区全人群流感相关全死因超额死亡率较高,最低为7.8/10万,最高为18.0/10万,南方略低,最低为6.11/10万,最高为18.7/10万。不同流感病毒亚型导致的死亡也存在差异,其中A(H3N2)和B型导致的死亡负担较重。结论我国流感死亡负担相关研究以间接模型估计为主,老人、北方地区及感染A(H3N2)和B型毒株患者的负担水平较重。展开更多
AIM: To assess the clinical features and prognosis of 151 patients with extrahepatic metastases from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and describe the treatment strategy for such patients. METHODS: After the di...AIM: To assess the clinical features and prognosis of 151 patients with extrahepatic metastases from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and describe the treatment strategy for such patients. METHODS: After the diagnosis of HCC, all 995 consecutive HCC patients were followed up at regular intervals and 151 (15.2%) patients were found to have extrahepatic metastases at the initial diagnosis of primary HCC or developed such tumors during the follow-up period. We assessed their clinical features, prognosis, and treatment strategies. RESULTS: The most frequent site of extrahepatic metastases was the lungs (47%), followed by lymph nodes (45%), bones (37%), and adrenal glands (12%). The cumulative survival rates after the initial diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases at 6, 12, 24, and 36 mo were 44.1%, 21.7%, 14.2%, 7.1%, respectively. The median survival time was 4.9 mo (range, 0-37 mo). Fourteen patients (11%) died of extrahepatic HCC, others died of primary HCC or liver failure. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases is poor. With regard to the cause of death, many patients would die of intrahepatic HCC and few of extrahepatic metastases. Although most of HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases should undergo treatment for the primary HCC mainly, treatment of extrahepatic metastases in selected HCC patients who have good hepatic reserve, intrahepatictumor stage (T0-T2), and are free of portal venous invasion may improve survival.展开更多
文摘一、目的为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中华医学会器官移植学分会根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规，并借鉴国外经验，结合我国国情，制订了《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》（以下简称“《指南》”），目的是在尊重捐献者权益的基础上，建立一个合法的、符合医学伦理的临床应用程序，
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:81871865Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,Grant/Award Number:2020CXJQ02Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission,Grant/Award Numbers:19411950300,19411950301。
文摘In China,lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality.Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use,family history,radiation exposure,and the presence of chronic lung diseases.Most early-stage non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients miss the optimal timing for treatment due to the lack of clinical presentations.Population-based nationwide screening programs are of significant help in increasing the early detection and survival rates of NSCLC in China.The understanding of molecular carcinogenesis and the identification of oncogenic drivers dramatically facilitate the development of targeted therapy for NSCLC,thus prolonging survival in patients with positive drivers.In the exploration of immune escape mechanisms,programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitor monotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy have become a standard of care for advanced NSCLC in China.In the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology’s guidelines for NSCLC,maintenance immunotherapy is recommended for locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy.Adjuvant immunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy will be approved for resectable NSCLC.In this review,we summarized recent advances in NSCLC in China in terms of epidemiology,biology,molecular pathology,pathogenesis,screening,diagnosis,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy。
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of China (2012ZX09103101-053)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (52013050014183 and 2013CXZDA006)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (D.M.Zhang)the project was supported by Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (D. M. Zhang)
文摘Multidrug resistance(MDR) occurs frequently after long-term chemotherapy, resulting in refractory cancer and tumor recurrence.Therefore, combatting MDR is an important issue. Autophagy, a self-degradative system, universally arises during the treatment of sensitive and MDR cancer. Autophagy can be a double-edged sword for MDR tumors: it participates in the development of MDR and protects cancer cells from chemotherapeutics but can also kill MDR cancer cells in which apoptosis pathways are inactive. Autophagy induced by anticancer drugs could also activate apoptosis signaling pathways in MDR cells, facilitating MDR reversal. Therefore, research on the regulation of autophagy to combat MDR is expanding and is becoming increasingly important. We summarize advanced studies of autophagy in MDR tumors, including the variable role of autophagy in MDR cancer cells.
文摘一、目的 为规范心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death，DCD）行为，保障器官捐献者的合法权益，中国人体器官捐献委员会（China Organ Donation Committee，CODC）根据《人体器官移植条例》等相关法律、法规制订一个全国统一的DCD指南，目的是建立一个符合伦理和可操作的程序，在尊重患者权利的基础上，提出实施DCD时合法的、符合伦理的、医学上可接受的建议，期望避免任何可能对患者、患者家属、受者和医护队伍造成的伤害。
基金Supported by funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFC1312300)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(81722016,82071191)The Alzheimer’s Association(AARFD-16-442821).
文摘Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death,which is different from apoptosis,necrosis,autophagy,and other forms of cell death.The process of feroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid species derived from the peroxidation of lipids,which can be prevented by iron chelators(e.g.deferiprone,deferoxamine)and small lipophilic antioxidants(e.g,ferrostatin,liproxstatin).This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its association withseveral pathways,including iron,lipid,and cysteine metabolism.We have further discussed the contribution of ferroptosis to thepathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer,ischemia/reperfusion,and various neurodegenerative diseases(e.g.Alzheimersdisease and Parkinson's disease),and evaluated the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis inhibitors in clinics.
文摘目的系统了解我国流感死亡负担研究进展和主要结果。方法以流感、流行性感冒、流感大流行、H1N1、死亡、病死和负担,以及influenza、flu、H1N1、pandemic、mortality、death、fatality、burden、China、Chinese为关键词,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普资讯、PubMed、Web of Science和Embase数据库中1990—2018年发表的有关中国的流感死亡负担研究的文献(不包括中国香港、澳门和台湾地区文献),语种限定为中文和英文。共纳入17篇有效文献,对纳入文献的基本信息、模型方法学及结果等信息进行摘录和整理分析。结果17篇文献均采用了间接模型的研究方法,研究指标均为超额死亡率,其中14篇采用回归模型;主要以全死因(16篇)、呼吸及循环系统疾病(14篇)和肺炎及流感(10篇)作为流感相关死因。老人死亡负担较重,相关全死因、呼吸及循环系统疾病和肺炎及流感超额死亡率最低分别为49.57/10万、30.80/10万和0.69/10万,最高分别为228.16/10万、170.20/10万和30.35/10万;非老年组最低分别为-0.27/10万、-0.08/10万和0.04/10万,最高为3.63/10万、2.6/10万和0.91/10万人。北方地区全人群流感相关全死因超额死亡率较高,最低为7.8/10万,最高为18.0/10万,南方略低,最低为6.11/10万,最高为18.7/10万。不同流感病毒亚型导致的死亡也存在差异,其中A(H3N2)和B型导致的死亡负担较重。结论我国流感死亡负担相关研究以间接模型估计为主,老人、北方地区及感染A(H3N2)和B型毒株患者的负担水平较重。
文摘AIM: To assess the clinical features and prognosis of 151 patients with extrahepatic metastases from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and describe the treatment strategy for such patients. METHODS: After the diagnosis of HCC, all 995 consecutive HCC patients were followed up at regular intervals and 151 (15.2%) patients were found to have extrahepatic metastases at the initial diagnosis of primary HCC or developed such tumors during the follow-up period. We assessed their clinical features, prognosis, and treatment strategies. RESULTS: The most frequent site of extrahepatic metastases was the lungs (47%), followed by lymph nodes (45%), bones (37%), and adrenal glands (12%). The cumulative survival rates after the initial diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases at 6, 12, 24, and 36 mo were 44.1%, 21.7%, 14.2%, 7.1%, respectively. The median survival time was 4.9 mo (range, 0-37 mo). Fourteen patients (11%) died of extrahepatic HCC, others died of primary HCC or liver failure. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases is poor. With regard to the cause of death, many patients would die of intrahepatic HCC and few of extrahepatic metastases. Although most of HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases should undergo treatment for the primary HCC mainly, treatment of extrahepatic metastases in selected HCC patients who have good hepatic reserve, intrahepatictumor stage (T0-T2), and are free of portal venous invasion may improve survival.
