Single-molecule, real-time sequencing developed by Pacific BioSciences offers longer read lengths than the second-generation sequencing （SGS） technologies, making it well-suited for unsolved problems in genome, tran...Single-molecule, real-time sequencing developed by Pacific BioSciences offers longer read lengths than the second-generation sequencing （SGS） technologies, making it well-suited for unsolved problems in genome, transcriptome, and epigenetics research. The highly-contiguous de novo assemblies using PacBio sequencing can close gaps in current reference assemblies and characterize structural variation （SV） in personal genomes. With longer reads, we can sequence through extended repetitive regions and detect mutations, many of which are associated with dis- eases. Moreover, PacBio transcriptome sequencing is advantageous for the identification of gene isoforms and facilitates reliable discoveries of novel genes and novel isoforms of annotated genes, due to its ability to sequence full-length transcripts or fragments with significant lengths. Addition- ally, PacBio＇s sequencing technique provides information that is useful for the direct detection of base modifications, such as methylation. In addition to using PacBio sequencing alone, many hybrid sequencing strategies have been developed to make use of more accurate short reads in conjunction with PacBio long reads. In general, hybrid sequencing strategies are more affordable and scalable especially for small-size laboratories than using PacBio Sequencing alone. The advent of PacBio sequencing has made available much information that could not be obtained via SGS alone.展开更多
分布式拒绝服务(distributed denial of service,简称DDoS)攻击是当今互联网的重要威胁之一.基于攻击包所处网络层次,将DDoS攻击分为网络层DDoS攻击和应用层DDoS攻击,介绍了两类攻击的各种检测和控制方法,比较了处于不同部署位置控制方...分布式拒绝服务(distributed denial of service,简称DDoS)攻击是当今互联网的重要威胁之一.基于攻击包所处网络层次,将DDoS攻击分为网络层DDoS攻击和应用层DDoS攻击,介绍了两类攻击的各种检测和控制方法,比较了处于不同部署位置控制方法的优劣.最后分析了现有检测和控制方法应对DDoS攻击的不足,并提出了DDoS过滤系统的未来发展趋势和相关技术难点.展开更多
This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years. It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global aver...This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years. It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average. The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃ over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃ over the past 100 years, slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods. Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature. Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable, with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase, and North China a severe drought. Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings, show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity, volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change. A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC （National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration） and the IAP （Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences）, as well as 40 models developed overseas, indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century, with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China. Under varied emission scenarios, the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to incre展开更多
基金supported by the institutional fund of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
文摘Single-molecule, real-time sequencing developed by Pacific BioSciences offers longer read lengths than the second-generation sequencing （SGS） technologies, making it well-suited for unsolved problems in genome, transcriptome, and epigenetics research. The highly-contiguous de novo assemblies using PacBio sequencing can close gaps in current reference assemblies and characterize structural variation （SV） in personal genomes. With longer reads, we can sequence through extended repetitive regions and detect mutations, many of which are associated with dis- eases. Moreover, PacBio transcriptome sequencing is advantageous for the identification of gene isoforms and facilitates reliable discoveries of novel genes and novel isoforms of annotated genes, due to its ability to sequence full-length transcripts or fragments with significant lengths. Addition- ally, PacBio＇s sequencing technique provides information that is useful for the direct detection of base modifications, such as methylation. In addition to using PacBio sequencing alone, many hybrid sequencing strategies have been developed to make use of more accurate short reads in conjunction with PacBio long reads. In general, hybrid sequencing strategies are more affordable and scalable especially for small-size laboratories than using PacBio Sequencing alone. The advent of PacBio sequencing has made available much information that could not be obtained via SGS alone.
文摘分布式拒绝服务(distributed denial of service,简称DDoS)攻击是当今互联网的重要威胁之一.基于攻击包所处网络层次,将DDoS攻击分为网络层DDoS攻击和应用层DDoS攻击,介绍了两类攻击的各种检测和控制方法,比较了处于不同部署位置控制方法的优劣.最后分析了现有检测和控制方法应对DDoS攻击的不足,并提出了DDoS过滤系统的未来发展趋势和相关技术难点.
文摘This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years. It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average. The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃ over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃ over the past 100 years, slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods. Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature. Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable, with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase, and North China a severe drought. Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings, show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity, volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change. A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC （National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration） and the IAP （Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences）, as well as 40 models developed overseas, indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century, with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China. Under varied emission scenarios, the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to incre
