Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development ...Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development put forward clinical problems, collects evidence, forms prelimi-nary recommendations, and then uses open-ended discussions to form recommendations. The literature review was done for developing this guideline in databases including PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, and Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2013. Search the topic 'acute diarrhea' or 'enteritis' and 'adolescent' or 'child' or'Pediatric patient' or 'Baby' or 'Infant'. Results For the treatment of mild, moderate dehydration, hypotonic oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are strongly recom-mended. Intravenous (IV) rehydration is recommended for severe dehydration, with a mixture of alkali-containing dextrose sodium solution. Nasogastric feeding tube rehydration is used for children with severe dehydration without IV infusion conditions with ORS solution. Regular feeding should resume as soon as possible after oral rehydration or IV rehydration. The lactose-free diet can shorten the diarrhea duration. Zinc supplements are recommended in children with acute infectious diarrhea. Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus Rhamnus are recommended to be used in acute watery diarrhea. Sac-charomyces boulardii is recommended in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea as well. Montmorillonite and Racec-adotril (acetorphan) can improve the symptoms of diarrhea or shorten the course of acute watery diarrhea. Antibiotics are recommended with dysenteric-like diarrhea, suspected cholera with severe dehydration, immunodeficiency, and premature delivery children with chronic underlying disease;otherwise, antibiotics are not recommended. Conclusion The principles of the most controversial treatments with of acute infectious disease are reaching to a consensus in China.展开更多
The characteristics of the energy structure of rich coal,less oil and less gas,coupling with a high external dependence on oil and natural gas and the emphasis on the efficient and clean utilisation of coal,have broug...The characteristics of the energy structure of rich coal,less oil and less gas,coupling with a high external dependence on oil and natural gas and the emphasis on the efficient and clean utilisation of coal,have brought opportunities for coal chemical industry.However,with the large-scale popularisation of coal gasification technology,the production and resulting storage of coal gasification slag continue to increase,which not only result in serious environmental pollution and a waste of terrestrial resources,but also seriously affect the sustainable development of coal chemical enterprises.Hence,the treatment of coal gasification slag is extremely important.In this paper,the production,composition,morphology,particle size structure and water holding characteristics of coal gasification slag are introduced,and the methods of carbon ash separation of gasification slag,both domestically and abroad,are summarised.In addition,the paper also summarises the research progress on gasification slag in building materials,ecological restoration,residual carbon utilisation and other high-value utilisation,and ultimately puts forward the idea of the comprehensive utilisation of gasification slag.For large-scale consumption to solve the environmental problems of enterprises and achieve high-value utilisation to increase the economic benefits of enterprises,it is urgent to zealously design a reasonable and comprehensive utilisation technologies with simple operational processes,strong adaptability and economic benefits.展开更多
文摘Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development put forward clinical problems, collects evidence, forms prelimi-nary recommendations, and then uses open-ended discussions to form recommendations. The literature review was done for developing this guideline in databases including PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, and Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2013. Search the topic 'acute diarrhea' or 'enteritis' and 'adolescent' or 'child' or'Pediatric patient' or 'Baby' or 'Infant'. Results For the treatment of mild, moderate dehydration, hypotonic oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are strongly recom-mended. Intravenous (IV) rehydration is recommended for severe dehydration, with a mixture of alkali-containing dextrose sodium solution. Nasogastric feeding tube rehydration is used for children with severe dehydration without IV infusion conditions with ORS solution. Regular feeding should resume as soon as possible after oral rehydration or IV rehydration. The lactose-free diet can shorten the diarrhea duration. Zinc supplements are recommended in children with acute infectious diarrhea. Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus Rhamnus are recommended to be used in acute watery diarrhea. Sac-charomyces boulardii is recommended in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea as well. Montmorillonite and Racec-adotril (acetorphan) can improve the symptoms of diarrhea or shorten the course of acute watery diarrhea. Antibiotics are recommended with dysenteric-like diarrhea, suspected cholera with severe dehydration, immunodeficiency, and premature delivery children with chronic underlying disease;otherwise, antibiotics are not recommended. Conclusion The principles of the most controversial treatments with of acute infectious disease are reaching to a consensus in China.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1904302)Foundation of State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilisation of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering(2021-K81)the Technology of Coal-to-liquids Research Institute of National Energy Group([2020]010)。
文摘The characteristics of the energy structure of rich coal,less oil and less gas,coupling with a high external dependence on oil and natural gas and the emphasis on the efficient and clean utilisation of coal,have brought opportunities for coal chemical industry.However,with the large-scale popularisation of coal gasification technology,the production and resulting storage of coal gasification slag continue to increase,which not only result in serious environmental pollution and a waste of terrestrial resources,but also seriously affect the sustainable development of coal chemical enterprises.Hence,the treatment of coal gasification slag is extremely important.In this paper,the production,composition,morphology,particle size structure and water holding characteristics of coal gasification slag are introduced,and the methods of carbon ash separation of gasification slag,both domestically and abroad,are summarised.In addition,the paper also summarises the research progress on gasification slag in building materials,ecological restoration,residual carbon utilisation and other high-value utilisation,and ultimately puts forward the idea of the comprehensive utilisation of gasification slag.For large-scale consumption to solve the environmental problems of enterprises and achieve high-value utilisation to increase the economic benefits of enterprises,it is urgent to zealously design a reasonable and comprehensive utilisation technologies with simple operational processes,strong adaptability and economic benefits.
