Since the zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jet was first used as a laboratory flow control method in 1990's, it has attracted much attention. The ZNMF jet has unique features such as compact actuator, no requirement for ...Since the zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jet was first used as a laboratory flow control method in 1990's, it has attracted much attention. The ZNMF jet has unique features such as compact actuator, no requirement for external air supply, complex piping, etc., and becomes a hot topic research subject in fluid mechanics. This review introduces the state of the art in the development of ZNMF jet in the quiescent fluid, the interaction of the ZNMF jet with the cross flow and its application in the separation flow control. The evolution of the vortex ring/pair and the spacial flow structure of the ZNMF in quicent fluid or cross flow are presented, as well as the key parameter effects. At last, the applications of ZNMF jet in the wake control of the circular cylinder, the separation control on the airfoil and the aerodynamic force or moment control on MAV/UAV are presented.展开更多
To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with d...To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with different types of infectious agents, includ-ing CRE and their related superbugs, were reviewed. Published during the past 30 years, both prior to and since CRE's emergence, these reports were obtained by searching the peer-reviewed medical literature(via the United States National Library of Medicine's "MEDLINE" database); the Food and Drug Administration's Manu-facturer and User Facility Device Experience database, or "MAUDE"; and the Internet(via Google's search engine). This review focused on an outbreak of CRE in 2013 following the GI endoscopic procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, performed at "Hospital X" located in the sub-urbs of Chicago(IL; United States). Part of the largest outbreak of CRE in United States history, the infection and colonization of 10 and 28 of this hospital's patients, respectively, received considerable media attention and was also investigated by the Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention(CDC), which published a report about this outbreak in Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport(MMWR), in 2014. This report, along with the results of an independent inspection of Hospital X's in-fection control practices following this CRE outbreak, were also reviewed. While this article focuses primar-ily on the prevention of transmissions of CRE and their related superbugs in the GI endoscopic setting, some of its discussion and recommendations may also apply to other healthcare settings, to other types of flexible endoscopes, and to other types of transmissible infec-tious agents. This review found that GI endoscopy is an important risk factor for the transmission of CRE and their related superbugs, having been recently as-sociated with patient morbidity and mortality following ERCP. The CDC reported in MMWR that the type of GI endoscope, know展开更多
目的基于神经网络的图像超分辨率重建技术主要是通过单一网络非线性映射学习得到高低分辨率之间特征信息关系来进行重建,在此过程中较浅网络的图像特征信息很容易丢失,加深网络深度又会增加网络训练时间和训练难度。针对此过程出现的训...目的基于神经网络的图像超分辨率重建技术主要是通过单一网络非线性映射学习得到高低分辨率之间特征信息关系来进行重建,在此过程中较浅网络的图像特征信息很容易丢失,加深网络深度又会增加网络训练时间和训练难度。针对此过程出现的训练时间长、重建结果细节信息较模糊等问题,提出一种多通道递归残差学习机制,以提高网络训练效率和图像重建质量。方法设计一种多通道递归残差网络模型,该模型首先利用递归方法将残差网络块进行复用,形成32层递归网络,来减少网络参数、增加网络深度,以加速网络收敛并获取更丰富的特征信息。然后采集不同卷积核下的特征信息,输入到各通道对应的递归残差网络后再一起输入到共用的重建网络中,提高对细节信息的重建能力。最后引入一种交叉学习机制,将通道1、2、3两两排列组合交叉相连,进一步加速不同通道特征信息融合、促进参数传递、提高网络重建性能。结果本文模型使用DIV2K(DIVerse 2K)数据集进行训练,在Set5、Set14、BSD100和Urban100数据集上进行测试,并与Bicubic、SRCNN(super-resolution convolutional neural network)、VDSR(super-resolution using very deep convolutional network)、Lap SRN (deep Laplacian pyramid networks for fast and accurate super-resolution)和EDSRbaseline(enhanced deep residual networks for single image superresolutionbaseline)等方法的实验结果进行对比,结果显示前者获取细节特征信息能力提高,图像有了更清晰丰富的细节信息;客观数据方面,本文算法的数据有明显的提升,尤其在细节信息较多的Urban100数据集中PSNR(peak signal-to-noise ratio)平均分别提升了3.87 d B、1.93 d B、1.00 d B、1.12 d B和0.48 d B,网络训练效率相较非递归残差网络提升30%。结论本文模型可获得更好的视觉效果和客观质量评价,而且相较非递归残差网络训练过程耗时更短,可用于�展开更多
The grain oriented silicon strip was rolled by cross shear rolling (CSR) and then annealed to manufacture non-oriented thin silicon strip of high quality. The recrystallization of rolled grain-oriented silicon steel i...The grain oriented silicon strip was rolled by cross shear rolling (CSR) and then annealed to manufacture non-oriented thin silicon strip of high quality. The recrystallization of rolled grain-oriented silicon steel into non-oriented silicon steel was studied. For this purpose, CSR is better than conventional rolling, and the higher the mismatched speed rate is, the better the properties of the non-oriented thin silicon strip are. The optimum annealing schedule is heating at 1 000 ℃ for 1 h in pure hydrogen atmosphere added with H 2S of 0.001 0 %.展开更多
Topsoil soil organic carbon(SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006.The data set comprised 481 observations(135 rice padd...Topsoil soil organic carbon(SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006.The data set comprised 481 observations(135 rice paddies and 346 dry croplands) of SOC under different fertilization schemes at 70 experimental sites(28 rice paddies and 42 dry croplands).The data set covered 16 dominant soil types found in croplands across 23 provinces of China's Mainland.The fertilization schemes were grouped into six categories:N(inorganic nitrogen fertilizer only),NP(compound inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers),NPK(compound inorganic nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers),O(organic fertilizers only),OF(combined inorganic/organic fertilization) and Others(other unbalanced fertilizations such as P only,K only,P plus K and N plus K).Relative change in SOC content was analyzed,and rice paddies and dry croplands soils were compared.There was an overall temporal increase in topsoil SOC content,and relative annual change(RAC,g kg-1 yr-1) ranged -0.14-0.60(0.13 on average) for dry cropland soils and -0.12-0.70(0.19 on average) for rice paddies.SOC content increase was higher in rice paddies than in dry croplands.SOC increased across experimental sites,but was higher under organic fertilization and combined organic/inorganic fertilizations than chemical fertilizations.SOC increase was higher under balanced chemical fertilizations with compound N,P and K fertilizers than unbalanced fertilizations such as N only,N plus P,and N plus K.The effects of specific rational fertilizations on SOC increase persisted for 15 years in dry croplands and 20 years in rice paddies,although RAC values decreased generally as the experiment duration increased.Therefore,the extension of rational fertilization in China's croplands may offer a technical option to enhance C sequestration potential and to sustain long-term crop productivity.展开更多
An optimization strategy is proposed to deal with the aerodynamic/stealthy/structural multidisciplinary design optimization （MDO） issue of unmanned combat air vehicle （UCAV）. In applying the strategy, the MDO proc...An optimization strategy is proposed to deal with the aerodynamic/stealthy/structural multidisciplinary design optimization （MDO） issue of unmanned combat air vehicle （UCAV）. In applying the strategy, the MDO process is divided into two levels, i.e. system level optimization and subsystem level optimization. The system level optimization is to achieve optimized system objective （or multi-objective） through the adjustment of global external configuration design variables. The subsystem level optimization consists of the aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design and the structural optimization. The aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design aims at achieving the minimum aerodynamic drag coefficient under the constraint of stealthy requirement through the adjustment of local external configuration design variables. The structural optimization is to minimize the structural weight by adjusting the dimefisions of structural components. A flowchart to implement this strategy is presented. The MDO for a flying-wing configuration of UCAV is employed to illustrate the detailed process of the optimization. The results indicate that the overall process of the surrogate-based two-level optimization strategy can be implemented automatically, and quite reasonable results are obtained.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10425207)the Aviation Creative Foundation of China (Grant No. 07A51001)
文摘Since the zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jet was first used as a laboratory flow control method in 1990's, it has attracted much attention. The ZNMF jet has unique features such as compact actuator, no requirement for external air supply, complex piping, etc., and becomes a hot topic research subject in fluid mechanics. This review introduces the state of the art in the development of ZNMF jet in the quiescent fluid, the interaction of the ZNMF jet with the cross flow and its application in the separation flow control. The evolution of the vortex ring/pair and the spacial flow structure of the ZNMF in quicent fluid or cross flow are presented, as well as the key parameter effects. At last, the applications of ZNMF jet in the wake control of the circular cylinder, the separation control on the airfoil and the aerodynamic force or moment control on MAV/UAV are presented.
基金Supported by An educational grant provided by FUJIFILM Medical Systems,USA,Inc.,Endoscopy Division(Wayne,NJUnited States)
文摘To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with different types of infectious agents, includ-ing CRE and their related superbugs, were reviewed. Published during the past 30 years, both prior to and since CRE's emergence, these reports were obtained by searching the peer-reviewed medical literature(via the United States National Library of Medicine's "MEDLINE" database); the Food and Drug Administration's Manu-facturer and User Facility Device Experience database, or "MAUDE"; and the Internet(via Google's search engine). This review focused on an outbreak of CRE in 2013 following the GI endoscopic procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, performed at "Hospital X" located in the sub-urbs of Chicago(IL; United States). Part of the largest outbreak of CRE in United States history, the infection and colonization of 10 and 28 of this hospital's patients, respectively, received considerable media attention and was also investigated by the Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention(CDC), which published a report about this outbreak in Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport(MMWR), in 2014. This report, along with the results of an independent inspection of Hospital X's in-fection control practices following this CRE outbreak, were also reviewed. While this article focuses primar-ily on the prevention of transmissions of CRE and their related superbugs in the GI endoscopic setting, some of its discussion and recommendations may also apply to other healthcare settings, to other types of flexible endoscopes, and to other types of transmissible infec-tious agents. This review found that GI endoscopy is an important risk factor for the transmission of CRE and their related superbugs, having been recently as-sociated with patient morbidity and mortality following ERCP. The CDC reported in MMWR that the type of GI endoscope, know
文摘目的基于神经网络的图像超分辨率重建技术主要是通过单一网络非线性映射学习得到高低分辨率之间特征信息关系来进行重建,在此过程中较浅网络的图像特征信息很容易丢失,加深网络深度又会增加网络训练时间和训练难度。针对此过程出现的训练时间长、重建结果细节信息较模糊等问题,提出一种多通道递归残差学习机制,以提高网络训练效率和图像重建质量。方法设计一种多通道递归残差网络模型,该模型首先利用递归方法将残差网络块进行复用,形成32层递归网络,来减少网络参数、增加网络深度,以加速网络收敛并获取更丰富的特征信息。然后采集不同卷积核下的特征信息,输入到各通道对应的递归残差网络后再一起输入到共用的重建网络中,提高对细节信息的重建能力。最后引入一种交叉学习机制,将通道1、2、3两两排列组合交叉相连,进一步加速不同通道特征信息融合、促进参数传递、提高网络重建性能。结果本文模型使用DIV2K(DIVerse 2K)数据集进行训练,在Set5、Set14、BSD100和Urban100数据集上进行测试,并与Bicubic、SRCNN(super-resolution convolutional neural network)、VDSR(super-resolution using very deep convolutional network)、Lap SRN (deep Laplacian pyramid networks for fast and accurate super-resolution)和EDSRbaseline(enhanced deep residual networks for single image superresolutionbaseline)等方法的实验结果进行对比,结果显示前者获取细节特征信息能力提高,图像有了更清晰丰富的细节信息;客观数据方面,本文算法的数据有明显的提升,尤其在细节信息较多的Urban100数据集中PSNR(peak signal-to-noise ratio)平均分别提升了3.87 d B、1.93 d B、1.00 d B、1.12 d B和0.48 d B,网络训练效率相较非递归残差网络提升30%。结论本文模型可获得更好的视觉效果和客观质量评价,而且相较非递归残差网络训练过程耗时更短,可用于�
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50175095)
文摘The grain oriented silicon strip was rolled by cross shear rolling (CSR) and then annealed to manufacture non-oriented thin silicon strip of high quality. The recrystallization of rolled grain-oriented silicon steel into non-oriented silicon steel was studied. For this purpose, CSR is better than conventional rolling, and the higher the mismatched speed rate is, the better the properties of the non-oriented thin silicon strip are. The optimum annealing schedule is heating at 1 000 ℃ for 1 h in pure hydrogen atmosphere added with H 2S of 0.001 0 %.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40710019002)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2008BAD95B13-1)the Ministry of Education of China for key basic research projects
文摘Topsoil soil organic carbon(SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006.The data set comprised 481 observations(135 rice paddies and 346 dry croplands) of SOC under different fertilization schemes at 70 experimental sites(28 rice paddies and 42 dry croplands).The data set covered 16 dominant soil types found in croplands across 23 provinces of China's Mainland.The fertilization schemes were grouped into six categories:N(inorganic nitrogen fertilizer only),NP(compound inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers),NPK(compound inorganic nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers),O(organic fertilizers only),OF(combined inorganic/organic fertilization) and Others(other unbalanced fertilizations such as P only,K only,P plus K and N plus K).Relative change in SOC content was analyzed,and rice paddies and dry croplands soils were compared.There was an overall temporal increase in topsoil SOC content,and relative annual change(RAC,g kg-1 yr-1) ranged -0.14-0.60(0.13 on average) for dry cropland soils and -0.12-0.70(0.19 on average) for rice paddies.SOC content increase was higher in rice paddies than in dry croplands.SOC increased across experimental sites,but was higher under organic fertilization and combined organic/inorganic fertilizations than chemical fertilizations.SOC increase was higher under balanced chemical fertilizations with compound N,P and K fertilizers than unbalanced fertilizations such as N only,N plus P,and N plus K.The effects of specific rational fertilizations on SOC increase persisted for 15 years in dry croplands and 20 years in rice paddies,although RAC values decreased generally as the experiment duration increased.Therefore,the extension of rational fertilization in China's croplands may offer a technical option to enhance C sequestration potential and to sustain long-term crop productivity.
文摘An optimization strategy is proposed to deal with the aerodynamic/stealthy/structural multidisciplinary design optimization （MDO） issue of unmanned combat air vehicle （UCAV）. In applying the strategy, the MDO process is divided into two levels, i.e. system level optimization and subsystem level optimization. The system level optimization is to achieve optimized system objective （or multi-objective） through the adjustment of global external configuration design variables. The subsystem level optimization consists of the aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design and the structural optimization. The aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design aims at achieving the minimum aerodynamic drag coefficient under the constraint of stealthy requirement through the adjustment of local external configuration design variables. The structural optimization is to minimize the structural weight by adjusting the dimefisions of structural components. A flowchart to implement this strategy is presented. The MDO for a flying-wing configuration of UCAV is employed to illustrate the detailed process of the optimization. The results indicate that the overall process of the surrogate-based two-level optimization strategy can be implemented automatically, and quite reasonable results are obtained.
