The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe...The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides dif展开更多
Routing and path selection are crucial for many communication and logistic applications. We study the interaction between nodes and packets and establish a simple model for describing the attraction of the node to the...Routing and path selection are crucial for many communication and logistic applications. We study the interaction between nodes and packets and establish a simple model for describing the attraction of the node to the packet in transmission process by using the gravitational field theory, considering the real and potential congestion of the nodes. On the basis of this model, we propose a gravitational field routing strategy that considers the attractions of all of the nodes on the travel path to the packet. In order to illustrate the efficiency of proposed routing algorithm, we introduce the order parameter to measure the throughput of the network by the critical value of phase transition from a free flow phase to a congested phase,and study the distribution of betweenness centrality and traffic jam. Simulations show that, compared with the shortest path routing strategy, the gravitational field routing strategy considerably enhances the throughput of the network and balances the traffic load, and nearly all of the nodes are used efficiently.展开更多
In this paper, a modified susceptible infected susceptible （SIS） epidemic model is proposed on community structure networks considering birth and death of node. For the existence of node＇s death would change the to...In this paper, a modified susceptible infected susceptible （SIS） epidemic model is proposed on community structure networks considering birth and death of node. For the existence of node＇s death would change the topology of global network, the characteristic of network with death rate is discussed. Then we study the epidemiology behavior based on the mean-field theory and derive the relationships between epidemic threshold and other parameters, such as modularity coefficient, birth rate and death rates （caused by disease or other reasons）. In addition, the stability of endemic equilibrium is analyzed. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the epidemic threshold increases with the increase of two kinds of death rates, while it decreases with the increase of the modularity coefficient and network size.展开更多
By extending the usual DV-X_α calculation and applying Bird's ligand-field theory, wepresent a theoretical method for calculating d-d ligand-field spectra of transition-metal com-plexes. Comparison between the ca...By extending the usual DV-X_α calculation and applying Bird's ligand-field theory, wepresent a theoretical method for calculating d-d ligand-field spectra of transition-metal com-plexes. Comparison between the calculated d-d ligand-field spectrum and the experimental (orother theoretical) results of cluster (CrF_6)^(3-) shows that this method is convenient and ef-fective.展开更多
Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extensio...Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extension of Riemannian geometry using a complex Hermitian metric tensor. We find that the standard electromagnetic field naturally appears along with two additional fields, which act as mass and charge sources. A first paper set up the basic geometry and derived the Christoffel symbols plus the E&M field equation. This paper continues development with the generalized Riemann curvature tensor, Bianchi identities and the Einstein tensor, laying the basis for field equations. A final paper will then present the field equations.展开更多
Lanthanum aluminate, LaAlO<sub>3</sub>, has been the subject of crystallographic studies and ithas been concluded that rhombohedric perovskite belongs to the space group R3C.Spectroscopic studies have conf...Lanthanum aluminate, LaAlO<sub>3</sub>, has been the subject of crystallographic studies and ithas been concluded that rhombohedric perovskite belongs to the space group R3C.Spectroscopic studies have confirmed that the number of lines observed in the fluorescencespectrum of Eu<sup>3+</sup> substituted for La<sup>3+</sup> in LaAlO<sub>3</sub> is consistet with the point group D<sub>3</sub>展开更多
Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extensio...Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extension of Riemannian geometry using a complex Hermitian metric tensor. We find that the standard electromagnetic field naturally appears along with two additional fields.展开更多
文摘The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides dif
基金Project supported by the Technology and Development Research Project of China Railway Corporation(Grant No.2012X007-D)the Key Program of Technology and Development Research Foundation of China Railway Corporation(Grant No.2012X003-A)
文摘Routing and path selection are crucial for many communication and logistic applications. We study the interaction between nodes and packets and establish a simple model for describing the attraction of the node to the packet in transmission process by using the gravitational field theory, considering the real and potential congestion of the nodes. On the basis of this model, we propose a gravitational field routing strategy that considers the attractions of all of the nodes on the travel path to the packet. In order to illustrate the efficiency of proposed routing algorithm, we introduce the order parameter to measure the throughput of the network by the critical value of phase transition from a free flow phase to a congested phase,and study the distribution of betweenness centrality and traffic jam. Simulations show that, compared with the shortest path routing strategy, the gravitational field routing strategy considerably enhances the throughput of the network and balances the traffic load, and nearly all of the nodes are used efficiently.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61672298, 61374180, 61373136, 61304169)the Research Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education (12YJAZH120)the Six Projects Sponsoring Talent Summits of Jiangsu Province (RLD201212)
文摘In this paper, a modified susceptible infected susceptible （SIS） epidemic model is proposed on community structure networks considering birth and death of node. For the existence of node＇s death would change the topology of global network, the characteristic of network with death rate is discussed. Then we study the epidemiology behavior based on the mean-field theory and derive the relationships between epidemic threshold and other parameters, such as modularity coefficient, birth rate and death rates （caused by disease or other reasons）. In addition, the stability of endemic equilibrium is analyzed. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the epidemic threshold increases with the increase of two kinds of death rates, while it decreases with the increase of the modularity coefficient and network size.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘By extending the usual DV-X_α calculation and applying Bird's ligand-field theory, wepresent a theoretical method for calculating d-d ligand-field spectra of transition-metal com-plexes. Comparison between the calculated d-d ligand-field spectrum and the experimental (orother theoretical) results of cluster (CrF_6)^(3-) shows that this method is convenient and ef-fective.
文摘Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extension of Riemannian geometry using a complex Hermitian metric tensor. We find that the standard electromagnetic field naturally appears along with two additional fields, which act as mass and charge sources. A first paper set up the basic geometry and derived the Christoffel symbols plus the E&M field equation. This paper continues development with the generalized Riemann curvature tensor, Bianchi identities and the Einstein tensor, laying the basis for field equations. A final paper will then present the field equations.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Lanthanum aluminate, LaAlO<sub>3</sub>, has been the subject of crystallographic studies and ithas been concluded that rhombohedric perovskite belongs to the space group R3C.Spectroscopic studies have confirmed that the number of lines observed in the fluorescencespectrum of Eu<sup>3+</sup> substituted for La<sup>3+</sup> in LaAlO<sub>3</sub> is consistet with the point group D<sub>3</sub>
文摘Riemannian geometry has proved itself to be a useful model of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, but generalizations of it to include other forces have so far not been successful. Here we explore an extension of Riemannian geometry using a complex Hermitian metric tensor. We find that the standard electromagnetic field naturally appears along with two additional fields.
