Modern chromatography-mass spectrometer(MS) technology is an essential weapon in the exploration of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which is based on the "effectiveness-material basis-quality markers(Q-marker...Modern chromatography-mass spectrometer(MS) technology is an essential weapon in the exploration of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which is based on the "effectiveness-material basis-quality markers(Q-markers)". Nevertheless, the hardware bottleneck and irregular operation will limit the accuracy and comprehensiveness of test results. Chemometrics was thereby used to solve the existing problems: 1) The method of ‘design-modeling-optimization’ can be adopted to solve the multi-factor and multi-level problems in sample preparation/parameter setting;2) The approaches of signal processing can be used to calibrate the deviation from retention time(rt) dimension and mass-to-charge ratio(m/z) dimension in different types of instruments;3) The methods of multivariate calibration and multivariate resolution can be utilized to analyze the co-eluting peaks in complex samples. When the researchers need to capture essential information on raw data sets extracting the higher level of information on essential features, 1) The significant components which affects the drug properties/efficacy can be find by the pattern recognition and variable selection;2) Fingerprint-efficacy modeling is explored to clarify the material basis, or to screen out the Q-markers of biological significance;3) Chemometric tools can apply to integrate chemical(metabolic) fingerprints with network pharmacology, bioinformatics, omics and others from a multi-level perspective. Under these programs, the qualitative/quantitative works will achieve in chemical(metabolic) fingerprint and metabolic trajectories, which leads to an accurate reflection of "material basis and Q-markers" in TCMs. Likewise, an in-depth hidden information can be disclosed, so that the components of drug properties/efficacy will be found. More importantly,multidimensional data can be integrated with fingerprints to acquire more hidden information.展开更多
Curcumin is a widely studied natural compound which has shown tremendous in vitro therapeutic poten- tial. Despite that, the clinical efficacy of the native curcumin is weak due to its low bioavailability and high met...Curcumin is a widely studied natural compound which has shown tremendous in vitro therapeutic poten- tial. Despite that, the clinical efficacy of the native curcumin is weak due to its low bioavailability and high metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. During the last decade, researchers have come up with dif- ferent formulations with a focus on improving the bioavailability of curcumin. As a result, a significant number of bioavailable curcumin-based formulations were introduced with the varying range of enhanced bioavailability. The purpose of this review is to collate the published clinical studies of cur- cumin products with.improved bioavailability over conventional （unformulated） curcumin. Based on the literature search, 11 curcumin formulations with available human bioavailability and pharmacokinet- ics data were included in this review. Further, the data on clinical study design, analytical method, phar- macokinetic parameters and other relevant details of each formulation were extracted. Based on a review of these studies, it is evident that better bioavailability of formulated curcumin products is mostly attrib- uted to improved solubility, stability, and possibly low first-pass metabolism. The review hopes to provide a quick reference guide for anyone looking information on these bioavailable curcumin formulations. Based on the published reports, NovaSol （185）, CurcuWin （136） and LongVida （100） exhibited over 100-fold higher bioavailability relative to reference unformulated curcumin. Suggested mechanisms accounting for improved bioavailability of the formulations and details on the bioanalysis methods are also discussed.展开更多
Asphalt pavement is increasingly used in paving and roofing.However,the release of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from asphalt harm both the environment and humans.Various methods were applied to characterize the VOC...Asphalt pavement is increasingly used in paving and roofing.However,the release of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from asphalt harm both the environment and humans.Various methods were applied to characterize the VOCs for better understanding and inhibiting.However,asphalt VOCs have huge heating temperature dependency,which makes the asphalt VOCs’characterization complicated.In this research,three kinds of heating conditions,thermal gravimetric(TG)analyzer,pyrolysis(PY)analyzer,and thermal desorber(TD),were compared to determine the temperature dependency of VOC release characteristics.Gas chromatography and mass spectrometer(GC-MS)were then coupled for VOC detection.Results indicated that the TG heating condition can surely simulate the volatilization of VOCs from some asphalt that is not in contact with air(no oxygen)during the actual construction process,while PY and TD represent the substances released by the asphalt due to the boiling point at a certain temperature and under the actual construction process,respectively.The components detected by TG heating condition are both large and small molecules,while PY and TD heating condition will detect large molecules or small molecules,respectively.The VOC composition results under various heating conditions reflect the chemical reaction law of asphalt molecules in the heating process.When heating asphalt binders to a higher temperature,macromolecular substances will gradually crack and oxidize into small molecular substances,sulfides and nitrides.With the increase of temperature,the change trend of VOC components under different conditions is different.展开更多
Fluoranthene, a four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is possible genotoxic in nature, has been used as an indicator for assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）-containing pollutants. Microbial degr...Fluoranthene, a four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is possible genotoxic in nature, has been used as an indicator for assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）-containing pollutants. Microbial degradation is one of the promising methods in removing up PAH-contaminated environments. White-rot fungi have showed the ability to degrade a wide range of PAHs. This study aimed to investigate enzyme production, fungal biomass, and glucose utilization during the biodegradation process of fiuoranthene by a white-rot fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius F043 and to identify the metabolites produced in the degradation process. The extracellular ligninolytic enzyme system of the fungi, producing laccases and peroxidases, was directly linked to the biodegradation of fiuoranthene. The production of ligninolytic enzymes during fluoranthene degradation was related to an increase in the biomass of Pleurotus pulmonarius F043. Fluoranthene removal decreased with an increase in fluoranthene concentrations. The highest biomass production of Pleurotus pulmonarius F043 （〉 4 400 mg L-1） was found in the 10 mg L-1 fluoranthene culture after 30 d of incubation. Two fluoranthene metabolites, naphthalene-l,8-dicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid, were found in the process of fluoranthene degradation. Laccase was revealed as the major enzyme that played an important role in degradation process. Suitable conditions must be found to promote a successful fungal biotransformation augmentation in liquid culture.展开更多
Using molecular geochemical data from infrared spectrometer and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this paper investigates the petroleum generation characteristics of Jurassic coal measures from Kuche dep...Using molecular geochemical data from infrared spectrometer and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this paper investigates the petroleum generation characteristics of Jurassic coal measures from Kuche depression, Tarim Basin, NW China. The results showed that the Jurassic coaly rocks with medium maturity (R0%: 0.8-1.1) were enriched in gas-prone functionalities (-CH3) and low molecular weight pyrolysates (【nC21), indicating that the coaly rocks from Kuche depression were gas/condensate prone at the stages of middle to high maturation, and it was further supported by the oil/source correlation from well Yinan 2 in this region.展开更多
Objective:To determine the phytochemicals,total saponin content and types of saponin present in leaf extracts of Cassytha filiformis.Methods:The leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol.The methanol extract wa...Objective:To determine the phytochemicals,total saponin content and types of saponin present in leaf extracts of Cassytha filiformis.Methods:The leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol.The methanol extract was fractionated.The total saponin content of the butanol fraction was determined by colorimetry via a UV spectrophotometer and ginsenoside was used as the standard.Measurements were carried out at 550 nm.The butanol fraction was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis.Results:All screened phytochemicals were absent in the n-hexane extract while saponins,steroids,tannins and glycosides were present in the methanol extract.Flavonoids and alkaloids were absent.The total saponin content of the methanol extract is 73.47μg ginsenoside Rb1 equivalent/g extract.The chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis gave eicosanoic acid,methyl ester as the most abundant compound and the steroidal saponin,cholestan-7-one and cyclic 1,2-ethanedienyl acetal as the most abundant saponin in the butanol fraction.Conclusions:The leaves of Cassytha filiformis are rich in steroidal saponins.展开更多
Objective:To determine the antibacterial and anti-candidal activities of fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)extracted from marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata and evaluate the inhibition activity of DNA isolated from ...Objective:To determine the antibacterial and anti-candidal activities of fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)extracted from marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata and evaluate the inhibition activity of DNA isolated from test pathogenic microorganism.Methods:FAME was synthesized by transesterification of oil using immobilized lipase and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.The FAME profile was determined using gas chromatography.The antimicrobial effect was tested by disc diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis,Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast Candida albicans,at varying concentrations of 10,20 and 30μL/disc.Results:The results shown that palmitic acid(C16:0),oleic acid(C18:1)and arachidic acid(C20:0)were dominant in Nannochloropsis oculata oil.The study revealed that FAME was more active against Gram-negative than against Gram-positive and yeast.DNA inhibition activity results also confirmed that FAME had the bactericidal effect that was revealed by sheared fragments of DNA.Conclusions:The results indicated that microalgal FAME could be potentially utilized as a newer and good source of therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical industry.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the phytochemicals that are present in two medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.Methods:The plant leaves were e...Objective:To analyze the phytochemicals that are present in two medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.Methods:The plant leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol separately.Both extracts were analyzed for present phytochemicals using the method described by Harborne,1985 while only methanol extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis.Results:Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of Terminalia macroptera(T.macroptera)revealed the presence of glycosides,tannins,flavonoids,saponins and steroids while that of Dioclea reflexa(D.reflexa)showed the presence of flavonoids,saponins and steroids.The n-hexane extracts were devoid of the screened phytochemicals.Twelve and twenty-five compounds were identified in the leaves of T.macroptera and D.reflexa respectively.These compounds were fatty acids,fatty acid esters,other esters,heterocyclics and phenolics.The most abundant compound in T.macroptera was benzenetriol(53.30%)while the predominant compounds in D.reflexa were dodecanoic acid,methyl ester(15.31%),5,5,8a-trimethyl-3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-chromene(9.73%),10-octadecenoic acid,methyl ester and 2-hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester(8.95%).Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol and hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester were common in both plant extracts.The antimicrobial properties of the leaves of these plants could be responsible for their use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.Conclusions:Some of the identified phytochemicals in the plant leaves are responsible for its use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.展开更多
Objective:To develop a characteristic fingerprint of the different chemical compounds of plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis and assess the effect of the cru...Objective:To develop a characteristic fingerprint of the different chemical compounds of plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis and assess the effect of the crude extract on histological changes induced in Naja nigricollis(N.nigricollis)envenomed albino rats.Methods:The coarsely powdered Waltheria indica(W.indica)whole plant material was extracted using 70%methanol.GC-MS analysis was carried out using a Shimadzu GC-MS QP 2010 plus system of gas chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer.The identification of components was based on National Institute of Standard and Technology-08 and Willey-8 libraries.Hydrogen-NMR spectra of the extracts was performed using Bruker Biospin Avance 400-MHz NMR spectrophotometer with a 5 mm broad inverse probe head,equipped with shielded z-gradient accessories and C-13 NMR hetero-nuclear single quantum correction was carried out using the Brucker’s standard pulse library.The efficacy of the crude extract of W.indica whole plant was tested and the lesions induced in the liver,brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N.nigricollis were analyzed by light microscopy.Results:The identification of the bioactive compounds from W.indica by GC-MS analysis revealed 41 peaks.A total of 38 compounds were identified with majority having important pharmacological activities that included anti-microbial,anti-cancer,anti-oxidant antiinflammatory,anti-allergenic,anti-ageing,anti-arthritic,larvicidal,anti-convulsant and herbicidal activities.C-13 and hydrogen-NMR analysis of W.indica elucidated key bioactive compounds in the whole plant that were consistent with the classes of bioactive compounds detected by GC-MS analysis.The efficacy of the crude extract of W.indica whole plant in ameliorating histopathological lesions induced in the liver,brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N.nigricollis venom revealed the abrogation of tissue degeneration when compared with the experimental control group.Conclusions:The present st展开更多
To investigate the structural features and provide an alternative method for high value-added utilization of coal, Lingwu coal was first extracted with organic solvent at room temperature. Then its extraction residue ...To investigate the structural features and provide an alternative method for high value-added utilization of coal, Lingwu coal was first extracted with organic solvent at room temperature. Then its extraction residue was oxidized in aqueous sodium hypochlorite(ASHC) under mild conditions. The effects of oxidation conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, the ratio of Lingwu coal extraction residue(LCER, g) to ASHC(m L) and p H value, on the product distributions and compositions were investigated. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) suggested that 53 kinds of methyl esterified products were detected in total, and benzene carboxylic acids were the main oxidation products, while chloro-substituted benzene carboxylic acids were the main by-products. Higher yield and fewer kinds of organic acids could be obtained at lower p H value, especially for the main objective product, benzene carboxylic acids.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the bioactive components of a coastal medicinal plant,Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit.(H.suaveolens)leaves using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-M...Objective:To investigate the bioactive components of a coastal medicinal plant,Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit.(H.suaveolens)leaves using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Methods:The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of whole plant of H.suaveolens was investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS,while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology library.Results:The results of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of secondary alcohols,phenols,alkanes,alkynes,aromatics,nitro compounds and aliphatic compounds.GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the existence of 30 phytochemical compounds.5,5-Dimethylimidazolidin-2,4-diamine(20.35%)was found to be the major compound.Conclusions:The results of this study offer a platform to use H.suaveolens leaves as herbal alternative for various diseases.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate bioactive compounds responsible for antifungal activity from seaweeds of Okha coast,Western India.Methods:Each species were extracted with different solvents with increasing polarity:hexane,ethyl...Objective:To evaluate bioactive compounds responsible for antifungal activity from seaweeds of Okha coast,Western India.Methods:Each species were extracted with different solvents with increasing polarity:hexane,ethyl acetate,chloroform and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus.The antifungal activity was determined by agar diffusion plate method by using fluconazole,ketoconazole and amphotericin B as standards.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis was done for identification of bioactive compounds present in crude extract.Results:The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of all the extracts revealed the presence of steroids,fatty acids and esters compounds.Among the three species,the maximum crude extract yield(53.46%)and the largest inhibition zone(36 mm)were recorded in methanol extract of Ulva lactuca,whereas the minimum crude extract yield and inhibition zone were recorded in chloroform extract of the same species as 0.5%and 10 mm,respectively.Methanol and ethyl acetate extract showed the maximum antifungal activity and the major important compounds like steroids,fatty acids and esters were detected with higher amount in all the extracts.Conclusions:The present study revealed that the different seaweed extracts showed moderate to significant antifungal activity against the strains tested as compared with the standard fungicides,and polar solvents methanol and ethyl acetate were comparatively efficient for extraction of different metabolites that are responsible for antifungal activity.展开更多
基金financially supported by Hunan 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Engineering & Technology with Environmental Benignity and Effective Resource Utilization, Hunan Province Natural Science Fund (No. 2016JJ4085, 2020JJ4569)the Key Project of Hunan Provincial Education Department (18A055)the Open Project Program of the Chongqing TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disease (Chongqing Medical University)。
文摘Modern chromatography-mass spectrometer(MS) technology is an essential weapon in the exploration of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which is based on the "effectiveness-material basis-quality markers(Q-markers)". Nevertheless, the hardware bottleneck and irregular operation will limit the accuracy and comprehensiveness of test results. Chemometrics was thereby used to solve the existing problems: 1) The method of ‘design-modeling-optimization’ can be adopted to solve the multi-factor and multi-level problems in sample preparation/parameter setting;2) The approaches of signal processing can be used to calibrate the deviation from retention time(rt) dimension and mass-to-charge ratio(m/z) dimension in different types of instruments;3) The methods of multivariate calibration and multivariate resolution can be utilized to analyze the co-eluting peaks in complex samples. When the researchers need to capture essential information on raw data sets extracting the higher level of information on essential features, 1) The significant components which affects the drug properties/efficacy can be find by the pattern recognition and variable selection;2) Fingerprint-efficacy modeling is explored to clarify the material basis, or to screen out the Q-markers of biological significance;3) Chemometric tools can apply to integrate chemical(metabolic) fingerprints with network pharmacology, bioinformatics, omics and others from a multi-level perspective. Under these programs, the qualitative/quantitative works will achieve in chemical(metabolic) fingerprint and metabolic trajectories, which leads to an accurate reflection of "material basis and Q-markers" in TCMs. Likewise, an in-depth hidden information can be disclosed, so that the components of drug properties/efficacy will be found. More importantly,multidimensional data can be integrated with fingerprints to acquire more hidden information.
文摘Curcumin is a widely studied natural compound which has shown tremendous in vitro therapeutic poten- tial. Despite that, the clinical efficacy of the native curcumin is weak due to its low bioavailability and high metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. During the last decade, researchers have come up with dif- ferent formulations with a focus on improving the bioavailability of curcumin. As a result, a significant number of bioavailable curcumin-based formulations were introduced with the varying range of enhanced bioavailability. The purpose of this review is to collate the published clinical studies of cur- cumin products with.improved bioavailability over conventional （unformulated） curcumin. Based on the literature search, 11 curcumin formulations with available human bioavailability and pharmacokinet- ics data were included in this review. Further, the data on clinical study design, analytical method, phar- macokinetic parameters and other relevant details of each formulation were extracted. Based on a review of these studies, it is evident that better bioavailability of formulated curcumin products is mostly attrib- uted to improved solubility, stability, and possibly low first-pass metabolism. The review hopes to provide a quick reference guide for anyone looking information on these bioavailable curcumin formulations. Based on the published reports, NovaSol （185）, CurcuWin （136） and LongVida （100） exhibited over 100-fold higher bioavailability relative to reference unformulated curcumin. Suggested mechanisms accounting for improved bioavailability of the formulations and details on the bioanalysis methods are also discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878526)for their financial supportFok Ying Tung Education Foundation for their honorary support。
文摘Asphalt pavement is increasingly used in paving and roofing.However,the release of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from asphalt harm both the environment and humans.Various methods were applied to characterize the VOCs for better understanding and inhibiting.However,asphalt VOCs have huge heating temperature dependency,which makes the asphalt VOCs’characterization complicated.In this research,three kinds of heating conditions,thermal gravimetric(TG)analyzer,pyrolysis(PY)analyzer,and thermal desorber(TD),were compared to determine the temperature dependency of VOC release characteristics.Gas chromatography and mass spectrometer(GC-MS)were then coupled for VOC detection.Results indicated that the TG heating condition can surely simulate the volatilization of VOCs from some asphalt that is not in contact with air(no oxygen)during the actual construction process,while PY and TD represent the substances released by the asphalt due to the boiling point at a certain temperature and under the actual construction process,respectively.The components detected by TG heating condition are both large and small molecules,while PY and TD heating condition will detect large molecules or small molecules,respectively.The VOC composition results under various heating conditions reflect the chemical reaction law of asphalt molecules in the heating process.When heating asphalt binders to a higher temperature,macromolecular substances will gradually crack and oxidize into small molecular substances,sulfides and nitrides.With the increase of temperature,the change trend of VOC components under different conditions is different.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)of Ministry of Education,Malaysia(No.R.J130000.7809.4F465the Science Fund of Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation,Malaysia(No.R.J130000.7909.4S110)
文摘Fluoranthene, a four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is possible genotoxic in nature, has been used as an indicator for assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）-containing pollutants. Microbial degradation is one of the promising methods in removing up PAH-contaminated environments. White-rot fungi have showed the ability to degrade a wide range of PAHs. This study aimed to investigate enzyme production, fungal biomass, and glucose utilization during the biodegradation process of fiuoranthene by a white-rot fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius F043 and to identify the metabolites produced in the degradation process. The extracellular ligninolytic enzyme system of the fungi, producing laccases and peroxidases, was directly linked to the biodegradation of fiuoranthene. The production of ligninolytic enzymes during fluoranthene degradation was related to an increase in the biomass of Pleurotus pulmonarius F043. Fluoranthene removal decreased with an increase in fluoranthene concentrations. The highest biomass production of Pleurotus pulmonarius F043 （〉 4 400 mg L-1） was found in the 10 mg L-1 fluoranthene culture after 30 d of incubation. Two fluoranthene metabolites, naphthalene-l,8-dicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid, were found in the process of fluoranthene degradation. Laccase was revealed as the major enzyme that played an important role in degradation process. Suitable conditions must be found to promote a successful fungal biotransformation augmentation in liquid culture.
文摘Using molecular geochemical data from infrared spectrometer and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this paper investigates the petroleum generation characteristics of Jurassic coal measures from Kuche depression, Tarim Basin, NW China. The results showed that the Jurassic coaly rocks with medium maturity (R0%: 0.8-1.1) were enriched in gas-prone functionalities (-CH3) and low molecular weight pyrolysates (【nC21), indicating that the coaly rocks from Kuche depression were gas/condensate prone at the stages of middle to high maturation, and it was further supported by the oil/source correlation from well Yinan 2 in this region.
文摘Objective:To determine the phytochemicals,total saponin content and types of saponin present in leaf extracts of Cassytha filiformis.Methods:The leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol.The methanol extract was fractionated.The total saponin content of the butanol fraction was determined by colorimetry via a UV spectrophotometer and ginsenoside was used as the standard.Measurements were carried out at 550 nm.The butanol fraction was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis.Results:All screened phytochemicals were absent in the n-hexane extract while saponins,steroids,tannins and glycosides were present in the methanol extract.Flavonoids and alkaloids were absent.The total saponin content of the methanol extract is 73.47μg ginsenoside Rb1 equivalent/g extract.The chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis gave eicosanoic acid,methyl ester as the most abundant compound and the steroidal saponin,cholestan-7-one and cyclic 1,2-ethanedienyl acetal as the most abundant saponin in the butanol fraction.Conclusions:The leaves of Cassytha filiformis are rich in steroidal saponins.
基金Supported by University Grants Commission,New Delhi,India.
文摘Objective:To determine the antibacterial and anti-candidal activities of fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)extracted from marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata and evaluate the inhibition activity of DNA isolated from test pathogenic microorganism.Methods:FAME was synthesized by transesterification of oil using immobilized lipase and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.The FAME profile was determined using gas chromatography.The antimicrobial effect was tested by disc diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis,Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast Candida albicans,at varying concentrations of 10,20 and 30μL/disc.Results:The results shown that palmitic acid(C16:0),oleic acid(C18:1)and arachidic acid(C20:0)were dominant in Nannochloropsis oculata oil.The study revealed that FAME was more active against Gram-negative than against Gram-positive and yeast.DNA inhibition activity results also confirmed that FAME had the bactericidal effect that was revealed by sheared fragments of DNA.Conclusions:The results indicated that microalgal FAME could be potentially utilized as a newer and good source of therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical industry.
文摘Objective:To analyze the phytochemicals that are present in two medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.Methods:The plant leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol separately.Both extracts were analyzed for present phytochemicals using the method described by Harborne,1985 while only methanol extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis.Results:Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of Terminalia macroptera(T.macroptera)revealed the presence of glycosides,tannins,flavonoids,saponins and steroids while that of Dioclea reflexa(D.reflexa)showed the presence of flavonoids,saponins and steroids.The n-hexane extracts were devoid of the screened phytochemicals.Twelve and twenty-five compounds were identified in the leaves of T.macroptera and D.reflexa respectively.These compounds were fatty acids,fatty acid esters,other esters,heterocyclics and phenolics.The most abundant compound in T.macroptera was benzenetriol(53.30%)while the predominant compounds in D.reflexa were dodecanoic acid,methyl ester(15.31%),5,5,8a-trimethyl-3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-chromene(9.73%),10-octadecenoic acid,methyl ester and 2-hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester(8.95%).Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol and hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester were common in both plant extracts.The antimicrobial properties of the leaves of these plants could be responsible for their use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.Conclusions:Some of the identified phytochemicals in the plant leaves are responsible for its use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
文摘Objective:To develop a characteristic fingerprint of the different chemical compounds of plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis and assess the effect of the crude extract on histological changes induced in Naja nigricollis(N.nigricollis)envenomed albino rats.Methods:The coarsely powdered Waltheria indica(W.indica)whole plant material was extracted using 70%methanol.GC-MS analysis was carried out using a Shimadzu GC-MS QP 2010 plus system of gas chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer.The identification of components was based on National Institute of Standard and Technology-08 and Willey-8 libraries.Hydrogen-NMR spectra of the extracts was performed using Bruker Biospin Avance 400-MHz NMR spectrophotometer with a 5 mm broad inverse probe head,equipped with shielded z-gradient accessories and C-13 NMR hetero-nuclear single quantum correction was carried out using the Brucker’s standard pulse library.The efficacy of the crude extract of W.indica whole plant was tested and the lesions induced in the liver,brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N.nigricollis were analyzed by light microscopy.Results:The identification of the bioactive compounds from W.indica by GC-MS analysis revealed 41 peaks.A total of 38 compounds were identified with majority having important pharmacological activities that included anti-microbial,anti-cancer,anti-oxidant antiinflammatory,anti-allergenic,anti-ageing,anti-arthritic,larvicidal,anti-convulsant and herbicidal activities.C-13 and hydrogen-NMR analysis of W.indica elucidated key bioactive compounds in the whole plant that were consistent with the classes of bioactive compounds detected by GC-MS analysis.The efficacy of the crude extract of W.indica whole plant in ameliorating histopathological lesions induced in the liver,brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N.nigricollis venom revealed the abrogation of tissue degeneration when compared with the experimental control group.Conclusions:The present st
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China("973" Program,No.2011CB215302)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21206188 and 21106177)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012M511339)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2011QNA23)
文摘To investigate the structural features and provide an alternative method for high value-added utilization of coal, Lingwu coal was first extracted with organic solvent at room temperature. Then its extraction residue was oxidized in aqueous sodium hypochlorite(ASHC) under mild conditions. The effects of oxidation conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, the ratio of Lingwu coal extraction residue(LCER, g) to ASHC(m L) and p H value, on the product distributions and compositions were investigated. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) suggested that 53 kinds of methyl esterified products were detected in total, and benzene carboxylic acids were the main oxidation products, while chloro-substituted benzene carboxylic acids were the main by-products. Higher yield and fewer kinds of organic acids could be obtained at lower p H value, especially for the main objective product, benzene carboxylic acids.
文摘Objective:To investigate the bioactive components of a coastal medicinal plant,Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit.(H.suaveolens)leaves using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Methods:The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of whole plant of H.suaveolens was investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS,while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology library.Results:The results of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of secondary alcohols,phenols,alkanes,alkynes,aromatics,nitro compounds and aliphatic compounds.GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the existence of 30 phytochemical compounds.5,5-Dimethylimidazolidin-2,4-diamine(20.35%)was found to be the major compound.Conclusions:The results of this study offer a platform to use H.suaveolens leaves as herbal alternative for various diseases.
基金Supported by University Grant Commission(UGC-F No.42-415),New Delhi,India.
文摘Objective:To evaluate bioactive compounds responsible for antifungal activity from seaweeds of Okha coast,Western India.Methods:Each species were extracted with different solvents with increasing polarity:hexane,ethyl acetate,chloroform and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus.The antifungal activity was determined by agar diffusion plate method by using fluconazole,ketoconazole and amphotericin B as standards.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis was done for identification of bioactive compounds present in crude extract.Results:The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of all the extracts revealed the presence of steroids,fatty acids and esters compounds.Among the three species,the maximum crude extract yield(53.46%)and the largest inhibition zone(36 mm)were recorded in methanol extract of Ulva lactuca,whereas the minimum crude extract yield and inhibition zone were recorded in chloroform extract of the same species as 0.5%and 10 mm,respectively.Methanol and ethyl acetate extract showed the maximum antifungal activity and the major important compounds like steroids,fatty acids and esters were detected with higher amount in all the extracts.Conclusions:The present study revealed that the different seaweed extracts showed moderate to significant antifungal activity against the strains tested as compared with the standard fungicides,and polar solvents methanol and ethyl acetate were comparatively efficient for extraction of different metabolites that are responsible for antifungal activity.
