Silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis),grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella),and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) are the four major Chinese carps and are commercially important aq...Silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis),grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella),and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) are the four major Chinese carps and are commercially important aquaculture species in China.Reproduction of these carp has declined since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD) due to an altered water flow and thermal regime in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River.However,details of the changes in reproduction of the four species are not well understood.To assess the impact of the TGD on reproduction of the four carp,we investigated their eggs and larvae at Yidu City,which is 80 km below the TGD,during 2005-2012.We examined differences in larval abundance of the four species in the Jianli section(350 km downstream of the TGD) before(1997-2002)and after(2003-2012) construction of the TGD.Based on these observations,the first spawning date of the four species was delayed a mean of about 25 days after the dam was constructed.Mean egg abundance in the Yidu section of the river was 249 million and mean larval abundance was 464 million,which were significant decreases since the 1980 s.Moreover,larval abundance in the Jianli section after the dam was constructed was significantly lower than that before construction(ANCOVA,P<0.05).The observed larval abundance accounted for only 24.66%of the predicted value in 2003 when the dam was first inundated.The present spawning grounds between the TGD and Yidu section of the river are very similar to those described in the 1980 s,and some spawning grounds exist upstream of the TGD.Large free-flowing stretches upstream of the TGD and the creation of artificially flooded downstream reaches are needed to stimulate spawning and effectively conserve these four major Chinese carps species.展开更多
The Changjiang （Yangtze） estuarine and offshore sediments were analyzed for total heavy metals concentrations and chemical fractions. Distributions of heavy metals show typical banded diffusion pattern, with high co...The Changjiang （Yangtze） estuarine and offshore sediments were analyzed for total heavy metals concentrations and chemical fractions. Distributions of heavy metals show typical banded diffusion pattern, with high concentrations near the river mouth and following a decreasing trend in the offshore direction. According to chemical fractions, Fe/Mn oxide fraction is the major non-residual fraction in the Changjiang estuarine and offshore sediments, Higher percentage of non-residual fraction of Pb implies that, the industrial contaminations transported via the atmosphere and river input, may affect the non-residual fraction of heavy metals. Over past fifteen years, the concentration of Pb normalizing to A1 presents significant increasing trend, corresponding to the effect of human activities. By comparison of heavy metals fractions in 2003 to 2006, it has been realized that increasing water and sediment may cause a higher percentage non-residual fraction of Cu in the southern part of offshore muddy sediments.展开更多
The Sanxia Reservoir on the Changjiang River stored water from 1 to 10 June and from 25 October to 5 November in 2003, elevating the water level to 135 and 139 m above mean sea level at the dam, respectively. A monthl...The Sanxia Reservoir on the Changjiang River stored water from 1 to 10 June and from 25 October to 5 November in 2003, elevating the water level to 135 and 139 m above mean sea level at the dam, respectively. A monthly dataset of water discharge, suspended sediment concentration （SSC） and sediment load of the Changjiang River from 1953 to 2003 measured at the Datong Hydrological Gauging Station of the downstreammost Changjiang River was mainly used to examine the Changjiang River sediment delivering into the sea in 2003 in response to the Sanxia Reservoir water storages in the same year. The results show that （1） compared with those in 2002, 2001, and the multi-yearly （1953-2000） average, both annual SSC and sediment load at Datong in 2003 were markedly reduced, and they were even smaller than the multi-yearly （1953-2000） minimum, although the annual runoff in 2003 did not change largely; and （2） compared with those in the corresponding months in 2002, 2001 and the multi-monthly average from 1953 to 2000, monthly SSC and sediment load at Datong both in June and November of 2003 were also markedly reduced, and those in June 2003 were even smaller than the multi-monthly minimum from 1953 to 2000. These may indicate that sediment sedimentation in the Sanxia Reservoir resulting from the Sanxia Reservoir water storage should be the main cause of the decreased annual and monthly SSC and sediment load of the Changjiang River into the sea in 2003. Besides, it seems that the Sanxia Reservoir water storage in the early June （flood season） of 2003 had more impacts on the decreased monthly SSC into the sea than that in the late October and early November （approximately non-flood season） of 2003.展开更多
为揭示长江洪水研究的现状与发展趋势,运用文献计量学等方法,基于SCIE与CSCD文献数据库对长江洪水研究的发文年代、国际合作、研究机构、核心作者、期刊分布、热点关键词等方面进行了系统性的分析。结果表明:①SCIE与CSCD发文量在1998...为揭示长江洪水研究的现状与发展趋势,运用文献计量学等方法,基于SCIE与CSCD文献数据库对长江洪水研究的发文年代、国际合作、研究机构、核心作者、期刊分布、热点关键词等方面进行了系统性的分析。结果表明:①SCIE与CSCD发文量在1998年后迅速增长,尤其是SCIE文献增长显著,中国与美国、德国等发达国家合作发文较多;②中国科学院的英文和中文文献数量均居于领先水平,约占SCIE与CSCD总文献的31%和23%,中、外文核心作者分别约占作者总数的21%和27%, SCIE文献发表在《Journal of Hydrology》期刊最多,各约占总文献的4%,CSCD文献发表在《长江流域资源与环境》和《长江科学院院报》的最多,各占全部文献的7.28%;③长江洪水研究热点关键词频次>20的主要是三峡、降水、气候变化、沉积、洪涝灾害等,这些热点关键词反映了长江洪水发生机制及灾害缓解研究的发展态势。研究成果可以为未来长江洪水相关研究提供参考。展开更多
The integrated methodology for the assessment of estuarine trophic status(ASSETS),which was extended and refined from the United States National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment(NEEA),is a multi-parameter assessmen...The integrated methodology for the assessment of estuarine trophic status(ASSETS),which was extended and refined from the United States National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment(NEEA),is a multi-parameter assessment system and has been widely used in eutrophication assessment in estuarine and coastal waters.The ASSETS was applied to evaluate the trophic status of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,one of the largest estuaries in the world.The following main results were obtained:(i)The estuarine export potential is"moderate susceptibility"due to the"moderate"dilution potential and"moderate"flushing potential;(ii)The overall human influence(OHI)index classified the impact of nutrients in the system as"high"due to the high level of nutrient discharge by the river which channels anthropogenic impacts in the catchments to the estuarine system;(iii)The overall eutrophic condition(OEC)in the estuary was classified into the"high"category due to frequent occurrence of nuisance and toxic algal blooms in the mixing and seawater zones;(iv)Since the nutrient loadings(e.g.,DIN)in the river is expected to continue to increase in the near future following the population increase and rapid economic growth throughout the drainage basin,the nutrient-related symptoms in the estuary are likely to substantially worsen,which leads to the"worsen high"category for the definition of future outlook(DFO).The combinations of the three components(i.e.,OHI,OEC,and DFO)lead to an overall grade as"bad"for the trophic status in the Changjiang River estuary.展开更多
Dramatic water stage rise and channel aggradation in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have been recognized by previous studies. A further analysis of the data from geological, geomorpholo...Dramatic water stage rise and channel aggradation in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have been recognized by previous studies. A further analysis of the data from geological, geomorphological, and paleohydrological surveys suggests that these changes might have resulted from sea-level rise since the Lateglacial period. So a mathematical model has been developed here, which reconstructs the processes of water-stage rise and channel aggradation of the Changjiang River as responses to sea-level rise since 12,100 a B.P.展开更多
Using a three-dimensional coupled biophysical model,we simulated the responses of a lowtrophic ecosystem in the East China Sea(ECS)to long-term changes in nutrient load from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River over the perio...Using a three-dimensional coupled biophysical model,we simulated the responses of a lowtrophic ecosystem in the East China Sea(ECS)to long-term changes in nutrient load from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River over the period of 1960–2005.Two major factors aff ected changes in nutrient load:changes in river discharge and the concentration of nutrients in the river water.Increasing or decreasing Changjiang discharge induced different responses in the concentrations of nutrients,phytoplankton,and detritus in the ECS.Changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),silicate(SIL),phytoplankton,and detritus could be identified over a large area of the ECS shelf,but changes in dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP)were limited to a small area close to the river mouth.The high DIN:DIP and SIL:DIP ratios in the river water were likely associated with the diff erent responses in DIN,DIP,and SIL.As DIP is a candidate limiting nutrient,perturbations in DIP resulting from changes in the Changjiang discharge are quickly consumed through primary production.It is interesting that an increase in the Changjiang discharge did not always lead to an increase in phytoplankton levels in the ECS.Phytoplankton decreases could be found in some areas close to the river mouth.A likely cause of the reduction in phytoplankton was a change in the hydrodynamic field associated with the river plume,although the present model is not suitable for examining the possibility in detail.Increases in DIN and DIP concentrations in the river water primarily led to increases in DIN,DIP,phytoplankton,and detritus levels in the ECS,whereas decreases in the SIL concentration in river water led to lower SIL concentrations in the ECS,indicating that SIL is not a limiting nutrient for photosynthesis,based on our model results from 1960 to 2005.In both of the above-mentioned cases,the sediment accumulation rate of detritus exhibited a large spatial variation near the river mouth,suggesting that core sample data should be carefully interpreted.展开更多
The use patterns of salt marsh habitats by fish assemblages were investigated in two welldeveloped intertidal creeks in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary on spatial and temporal scales.Samples were collected using ...The use patterns of salt marsh habitats by fish assemblages were investigated in two welldeveloped intertidal creeks in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary on spatial and temporal scales.Samples were collected using fyke nets at two sites during day and night in each season throughout four years.Notable changes in fish assemblages were detected over seasonal and interannual cycles,with many more marine species present in winter assemblages,whereas freshwater and estuarine species characterized the other seasonal samplings.The appearance of catadromous species in intertidal creeks mainly depended upon their specific physiological requirements,such as spawning migration.No significant diel shifts were observed in fish assemblages.This diel pattern may be a combined consequence of avian predation pressure and other drivers(i.e.,inherent living behaviors,food availability,and predation by piscivorous fishes).The spatial difference in fish community was insignificant even though the two intertidal creeks were different in size.Intertidal creeks with different size could possess similar ecological value for fish fauna.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that biological factors exerted greater effects on fish assemblages than physical variables.Temporal variations were strongly facilitated by food availability,but negatively impacted by avian predation.Salinity,water temperature,and river runoff had weak influence on temporal variations of fish communities.The lengthfrequency distribution showed that the fish collected in these two sites mainly consisted of young-of-year and juvenile fish,which confirmed that the creeks provided important nursery and forage roles in the process of fish ontogenetic development.Further,we proposed that salt marsh conservation management should be equally applied to all well-developed intertidal creeks regardless of creek size.展开更多
Fish populations have declined in many estuarine and freshwater ecosystems in part due to the loss of habitat in recent decades.Reconstructing lost habitat for larvae fish is a potential method for recovering larvae f...Fish populations have declined in many estuarine and freshwater ecosystems in part due to the loss of habitat in recent decades.Reconstructing lost habitat for larvae fish is a potential method for recovering larvae fish populations.Three-dimensional artificial floating wetlands(AFWs)on which Phragmites australis was planted were experimentally deployed to recover the lost habitat in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary from May to July 2018.The AFW area was characterized by slow velocity,high transparency,low dissolved oxygen,and relatively constant water temperature.The total individuals of larvae fish in the AFW area(12122 in total)was higher than that in the non-AFW area(1250 in total),and the densities of most larvae fish species were higher in the AFW habitat than in the non-AFW area.The distributions of larvae fish species were positively influenced by habitat type because they were strongly related to the negative part of the first axis of the redundancy analysis,and Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinus auratus were inclined to habitat in the slow velocity and high transparency AFW habitat area.These results indicate that larvae fish species are inclined to inhabit the AFW habitat.The use of three-dimensional P.australis AFWs would be a potential method for enhancing the habitat of larvae fish in the degraded habitats along the estuary.展开更多
基金Supported by the Three Gorges Project Eco-Environmental Monitoring System(No.JJ[2015]-010)the China Three Gorges Corporation(No.0704097,0799533)
文摘Silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis),grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella),and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) are the four major Chinese carps and are commercially important aquaculture species in China.Reproduction of these carp has declined since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD) due to an altered water flow and thermal regime in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River.However,details of the changes in reproduction of the four species are not well understood.To assess the impact of the TGD on reproduction of the four carp,we investigated their eggs and larvae at Yidu City,which is 80 km below the TGD,during 2005-2012.We examined differences in larval abundance of the four species in the Jianli section(350 km downstream of the TGD) before(1997-2002)and after(2003-2012) construction of the TGD.Based on these observations,the first spawning date of the four species was delayed a mean of about 25 days after the dam was constructed.Mean egg abundance in the Yidu section of the river was 249 million and mean larval abundance was 464 million,which were significant decreases since the 1980 s.Moreover,larval abundance in the Jianli section after the dam was constructed was significantly lower than that before construction(ANCOVA,P<0.05).The observed larval abundance accounted for only 24.66%of the predicted value in 2003 when the dam was first inundated.The present spawning grounds between the TGD and Yidu section of the river are very similar to those described in the 1980 s,and some spawning grounds exist upstream of the TGD.Large free-flowing stretches upstream of the TGD and the creation of artificially flooded downstream reaches are needed to stimulate spawning and effectively conserve these four major Chinese carps species.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41076022the National Basic Research Program of China under contract No.2002CB412400
文摘The Changjiang （Yangtze） estuarine and offshore sediments were analyzed for total heavy metals concentrations and chemical fractions. Distributions of heavy metals show typical banded diffusion pattern, with high concentrations near the river mouth and following a decreasing trend in the offshore direction. According to chemical fractions, Fe/Mn oxide fraction is the major non-residual fraction in the Changjiang estuarine and offshore sediments, Higher percentage of non-residual fraction of Pb implies that, the industrial contaminations transported via the atmosphere and river input, may affect the non-residual fraction of heavy metals. Over past fifteen years, the concentration of Pb normalizing to A1 presents significant increasing trend, corresponding to the effect of human activities. By comparison of heavy metals fractions in 2003 to 2006, it has been realized that increasing water and sediment may cause a higher percentage non-residual fraction of Cu in the southern part of offshore muddy sediments.
文摘The Sanxia Reservoir on the Changjiang River stored water from 1 to 10 June and from 25 October to 5 November in 2003, elevating the water level to 135 and 139 m above mean sea level at the dam, respectively. A monthly dataset of water discharge, suspended sediment concentration （SSC） and sediment load of the Changjiang River from 1953 to 2003 measured at the Datong Hydrological Gauging Station of the downstreammost Changjiang River was mainly used to examine the Changjiang River sediment delivering into the sea in 2003 in response to the Sanxia Reservoir water storages in the same year. The results show that （1） compared with those in 2002, 2001, and the multi-yearly （1953-2000） average, both annual SSC and sediment load at Datong in 2003 were markedly reduced, and they were even smaller than the multi-yearly （1953-2000） minimum, although the annual runoff in 2003 did not change largely; and （2） compared with those in the corresponding months in 2002, 2001 and the multi-monthly average from 1953 to 2000, monthly SSC and sediment load at Datong both in June and November of 2003 were also markedly reduced, and those in June 2003 were even smaller than the multi-monthly minimum from 1953 to 2000. These may indicate that sediment sedimentation in the Sanxia Reservoir resulting from the Sanxia Reservoir water storage should be the main cause of the decreased annual and monthly SSC and sediment load of the Changjiang River into the sea in 2003. Besides, it seems that the Sanxia Reservoir water storage in the early June （flood season） of 2003 had more impacts on the decreased monthly SSC into the sea than that in the late October and early November （approximately non-flood season） of 2003.
文摘为揭示长江洪水研究的现状与发展趋势,运用文献计量学等方法,基于SCIE与CSCD文献数据库对长江洪水研究的发文年代、国际合作、研究机构、核心作者、期刊分布、热点关键词等方面进行了系统性的分析。结果表明:①SCIE与CSCD发文量在1998年后迅速增长,尤其是SCIE文献增长显著,中国与美国、德国等发达国家合作发文较多;②中国科学院的英文和中文文献数量均居于领先水平,约占SCIE与CSCD总文献的31%和23%,中、外文核心作者分别约占作者总数的21%和27%, SCIE文献发表在《Journal of Hydrology》期刊最多,各约占总文献的4%,CSCD文献发表在《长江流域资源与环境》和《长江科学院院报》的最多,各占全部文献的7.28%;③长江洪水研究热点关键词频次>20的主要是三峡、降水、气候变化、沉积、洪涝灾害等,这些热点关键词反映了长江洪水发生机制及灾害缓解研究的发展态势。研究成果可以为未来长江洪水相关研究提供参考。
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2001CB4097)the Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry,SOA(No.LMEB200603).
文摘The integrated methodology for the assessment of estuarine trophic status(ASSETS),which was extended and refined from the United States National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment(NEEA),is a multi-parameter assessment system and has been widely used in eutrophication assessment in estuarine and coastal waters.The ASSETS was applied to evaluate the trophic status of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,one of the largest estuaries in the world.The following main results were obtained:(i)The estuarine export potential is"moderate susceptibility"due to the"moderate"dilution potential and"moderate"flushing potential;(ii)The overall human influence(OHI)index classified the impact of nutrients in the system as"high"due to the high level of nutrient discharge by the river which channels anthropogenic impacts in the catchments to the estuarine system;(iii)The overall eutrophic condition(OEC)in the estuary was classified into the"high"category due to frequent occurrence of nuisance and toxic algal blooms in the mixing and seawater zones;(iv)Since the nutrient loadings(e.g.,DIN)in the river is expected to continue to increase in the near future following the population increase and rapid economic growth throughout the drainage basin,the nutrient-related symptoms in the estuary are likely to substantially worsen,which leads to the"worsen high"category for the definition of future outlook(DFO).The combinations of the three components(i.e.,OHI,OEC,and DFO)lead to an overall grade as"bad"for the trophic status in the Changjiang River estuary.
文摘Dramatic water stage rise and channel aggradation in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have been recognized by previous studies. A further analysis of the data from geological, geomorphological, and paleohydrological surveys suggests that these changes might have resulted from sea-level rise since the Lateglacial period. So a mathematical model has been developed here, which reconstructs the processes of water-stage rise and channel aggradation of the Changjiang River as responses to sea-level rise since 12,100 a B.P.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2012CB956004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41576010)+5 种基金the JSPS KAKENHI(Nos.JP26241009,JP26287116,JPH05821)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities from the Ministry of Education of China(No.201512004)to X.Guothe Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020305)the NSFC(No.41276016)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0601301)the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japan(MEXT),under a Joint Usage/Research Center,Leading Academia in Marine and Environment Pollution Research(LaMer)Project to L.Zhao
文摘Using a three-dimensional coupled biophysical model,we simulated the responses of a lowtrophic ecosystem in the East China Sea(ECS)to long-term changes in nutrient load from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River over the period of 1960–2005.Two major factors aff ected changes in nutrient load:changes in river discharge and the concentration of nutrients in the river water.Increasing or decreasing Changjiang discharge induced different responses in the concentrations of nutrients,phytoplankton,and detritus in the ECS.Changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),silicate(SIL),phytoplankton,and detritus could be identified over a large area of the ECS shelf,but changes in dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP)were limited to a small area close to the river mouth.The high DIN:DIP and SIL:DIP ratios in the river water were likely associated with the diff erent responses in DIN,DIP,and SIL.As DIP is a candidate limiting nutrient,perturbations in DIP resulting from changes in the Changjiang discharge are quickly consumed through primary production.It is interesting that an increase in the Changjiang discharge did not always lead to an increase in phytoplankton levels in the ECS.Phytoplankton decreases could be found in some areas close to the river mouth.A likely cause of the reduction in phytoplankton was a change in the hydrodynamic field associated with the river plume,although the present model is not suitable for examining the possibility in detail.Increases in DIN and DIP concentrations in the river water primarily led to increases in DIN,DIP,phytoplankton,and detritus levels in the ECS,whereas decreases in the SIL concentration in river water led to lower SIL concentrations in the ECS,indicating that SIL is not a limiting nutrient for photosynthesis,based on our model results from 1960 to 2005.In both of the above-mentioned cases,the sediment accumulation rate of detritus exhibited a large spatial variation near the river mouth,suggesting that core sample data should be carefully interpreted.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Nos.21DZ1200900,22DZ1202600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31772405)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No.19ZR1416200)the Resources Monitoring Project of Shanghai Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve (No.CMDT-JC202101)the Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (No.K202205)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘The use patterns of salt marsh habitats by fish assemblages were investigated in two welldeveloped intertidal creeks in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary on spatial and temporal scales.Samples were collected using fyke nets at two sites during day and night in each season throughout four years.Notable changes in fish assemblages were detected over seasonal and interannual cycles,with many more marine species present in winter assemblages,whereas freshwater and estuarine species characterized the other seasonal samplings.The appearance of catadromous species in intertidal creeks mainly depended upon their specific physiological requirements,such as spawning migration.No significant diel shifts were observed in fish assemblages.This diel pattern may be a combined consequence of avian predation pressure and other drivers(i.e.,inherent living behaviors,food availability,and predation by piscivorous fishes).The spatial difference in fish community was insignificant even though the two intertidal creeks were different in size.Intertidal creeks with different size could possess similar ecological value for fish fauna.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that biological factors exerted greater effects on fish assemblages than physical variables.Temporal variations were strongly facilitated by food availability,but negatively impacted by avian predation.Salinity,water temperature,and river runoff had weak influence on temporal variations of fish communities.The lengthfrequency distribution showed that the fish collected in these two sites mainly consisted of young-of-year and juvenile fish,which confirmed that the creeks provided important nursery and forage roles in the process of fish ontogenetic development.Further,we proposed that salt marsh conservation management should be equally applied to all well-developed intertidal creeks regardless of creek size.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFD0901202,2018YFD0900905)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M632887)。
文摘Fish populations have declined in many estuarine and freshwater ecosystems in part due to the loss of habitat in recent decades.Reconstructing lost habitat for larvae fish is a potential method for recovering larvae fish populations.Three-dimensional artificial floating wetlands(AFWs)on which Phragmites australis was planted were experimentally deployed to recover the lost habitat in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary from May to July 2018.The AFW area was characterized by slow velocity,high transparency,low dissolved oxygen,and relatively constant water temperature.The total individuals of larvae fish in the AFW area(12122 in total)was higher than that in the non-AFW area(1250 in total),and the densities of most larvae fish species were higher in the AFW habitat than in the non-AFW area.The distributions of larvae fish species were positively influenced by habitat type because they were strongly related to the negative part of the first axis of the redundancy analysis,and Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinus auratus were inclined to habitat in the slow velocity and high transparency AFW habitat area.These results indicate that larvae fish species are inclined to inhabit the AFW habitat.The use of three-dimensional P.australis AFWs would be a potential method for enhancing the habitat of larvae fish in the degraded habitats along the estuary.
