The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolate...The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.展开更多
Several factitious foods were assessed for rearing the anthocorid predators Orius thripoborus （Hesse） and Orius naivashae （Poppius） （Hemiptera： Anthocoridae） in the laboratory. Developmental and reproductive tr...Several factitious foods were assessed for rearing the anthocorid predators Orius thripoborus （Hesse） and Orius naivashae （Poppius） （Hemiptera： Anthocoridae） in the laboratory. Developmental and reproductive traits of both Orius species were examined when offered frozen eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, frozen processed eggs of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, or mixed motile stages of the astigmatid mites Tyrophagusputrescentiae （Schrank） or Carpoglyphus lactis （L）. Whereas C. lactis and T. putresecentiae proved to be an inferior food for rearing O. thripoborus and O. naivashae, eggs of C. capitata fully supported development and reproduction of both predators. Results on medfly eggs were similar or slightly inferior to those on E. kuehniella eggs, which is the standard food for culturing these anthocorid bugs. O. thripoborus could be maintained for 4 consecutive generations on C. capitata eggs indicating that processed medfly eggs can be a suitable and cheaper alternative to E. kuehniella eggs for prolonged rearing of these Orius spp.展开更多
Knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate courtship and mating behavior in Psyttalia concolor （Sz6pligeti）-a koinobiont endophagous solitary parasitoid of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae （Rossi）, and of othe...Knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate courtship and mating behavior in Psyttalia concolor （Sz6pligeti）-a koinobiont endophagous solitary parasitoid of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae （Rossi）, and of other fruit flies-is essential to its mass rearing and management, Augmentative releases ofP. concolor for olive fruit fly control started in the Mediterranean areas in the 1950s and still continue with limited success. We determined the influence of visual and chemical cues on courtship and mating behavior of this braconid and the possible effect of the mating status of males and females in the perception of these cues. Our results suggest that integration of visual and chemical stimuli are fundamental for mate location and courtship. Indeed, the optimal response of the male was achieved when physical and chemical cues were simultaneously presented and vision and olfaction worked synergistically.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damag...The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damages to Argan forest and other agricultural plants. There is no successful control program of this pest fly in the endemic Argan forest in Morocco. A single-dose test was performed on neonate larvae (25 μL/g) and adult (333.33 μL/g), when three doses of Bt toxins (50 μL/g, 100 μL/g and 150 μL/g) were tested against third instar of C. capitata. Among the twenty-six Bt strains examined, local Bt13.4 and Bt A7 strains showed highest toxicity levels against larvae and adults, when compared to the reference strain, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis HD567 “code 4Q1”, and commercial product “Skeetal”. One hundred percent mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt 13.4 toxin. Third instar larvae were very susceptible to Bt A7 and Bt M-Ag 21.6 strains with 68% mortality (Lethal Concentration: LC50 = 1.115) at a dose of 150 μL/g. The Bt A7 strain was also highly toxic to adults with 81.66% of mortality after 7 days of application. This study demonstrated that some of our collection Bt strains can contribute to integrated C. capitata management system with strong biological control components.展开更多
Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit...Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-m展开更多
文摘The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.
文摘Several factitious foods were assessed for rearing the anthocorid predators Orius thripoborus （Hesse） and Orius naivashae （Poppius） （Hemiptera： Anthocoridae） in the laboratory. Developmental and reproductive traits of both Orius species were examined when offered frozen eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, frozen processed eggs of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, or mixed motile stages of the astigmatid mites Tyrophagusputrescentiae （Schrank） or Carpoglyphus lactis （L）. Whereas C. lactis and T. putresecentiae proved to be an inferior food for rearing O. thripoborus and O. naivashae, eggs of C. capitata fully supported development and reproduction of both predators. Results on medfly eggs were similar or slightly inferior to those on E. kuehniella eggs, which is the standard food for culturing these anthocorid bugs. O. thripoborus could be maintained for 4 consecutive generations on C. capitata eggs indicating that processed medfly eggs can be a suitable and cheaper alternative to E. kuehniella eggs for prolonged rearing of these Orius spp.
文摘Knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate courtship and mating behavior in Psyttalia concolor （Sz6pligeti）-a koinobiont endophagous solitary parasitoid of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae （Rossi）, and of other fruit flies-is essential to its mass rearing and management, Augmentative releases ofP. concolor for olive fruit fly control started in the Mediterranean areas in the 1950s and still continue with limited success. We determined the influence of visual and chemical cues on courtship and mating behavior of this braconid and the possible effect of the mating status of males and females in the perception of these cues. Our results suggest that integration of visual and chemical stimuli are fundamental for mate location and courtship. Indeed, the optimal response of the male was achieved when physical and chemical cues were simultaneously presented and vision and olfaction worked synergistically.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damages to Argan forest and other agricultural plants. There is no successful control program of this pest fly in the endemic Argan forest in Morocco. A single-dose test was performed on neonate larvae (25 μL/g) and adult (333.33 μL/g), when three doses of Bt toxins (50 μL/g, 100 μL/g and 150 μL/g) were tested against third instar of C. capitata. Among the twenty-six Bt strains examined, local Bt13.4 and Bt A7 strains showed highest toxicity levels against larvae and adults, when compared to the reference strain, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis HD567 “code 4Q1”, and commercial product “Skeetal”. One hundred percent mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt 13.4 toxin. Third instar larvae were very susceptible to Bt A7 and Bt M-Ag 21.6 strains with 68% mortality (Lethal Concentration: LC50 = 1.115) at a dose of 150 μL/g. The Bt A7 strain was also highly toxic to adults with 81.66% of mortality after 7 days of application. This study demonstrated that some of our collection Bt strains can contribute to integrated C. capitata management system with strong biological control components.
文摘Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-m
