OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The...OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI(K-CADI), the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS: The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.827). The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor(explaining 59.6% of the total variance). Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit(normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983),and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns(0.13-0.27 of β), and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one's Qo L level(0.17-0.34 of β).CONCLUSION: The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.展开更多
This paper investigates the relationship between intra-regional accessibility and economic development within the Cardiff City Region. Embracing the Capital City of Cardiff and its hinterland, this region is regarded ...This paper investigates the relationship between intra-regional accessibility and economic development within the Cardiff City Region. Embracing the Capital City of Cardiff and its hinterland, this region is regarded as the economically most important one in Wales, and the key driver of Wale's current and future economic prosperity. Therefore, it is a significant problem how to fully realize its economic potential and its national role, and it is also controversial whether poor intra-regional accessibility is the biggest barrier to its further growth. This has been debated for years and provoked great research interest. By using a qualitative methodology, the paper identifi es that intra-regional accessibility is necessary, though not suff icient, for economic growth. It is necessary since it can increase the productivity of economic activities and infl uence the fi rms' location behavior, based on which this paper proposes some recommendations for economic development.展开更多
文摘OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI(K-CADI), the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS: The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.827). The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor(explaining 59.6% of the total variance). Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit(normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983),and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns(0.13-0.27 of β), and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one's Qo L level(0.17-0.34 of β).CONCLUSION: The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.
文摘This paper investigates the relationship between intra-regional accessibility and economic development within the Cardiff City Region. Embracing the Capital City of Cardiff and its hinterland, this region is regarded as the economically most important one in Wales, and the key driver of Wale's current and future economic prosperity. Therefore, it is a significant problem how to fully realize its economic potential and its national role, and it is also controversial whether poor intra-regional accessibility is the biggest barrier to its further growth. This has been debated for years and provoked great research interest. By using a qualitative methodology, the paper identifi es that intra-regional accessibility is necessary, though not suff icient, for economic growth. It is necessary since it can increase the productivity of economic activities and infl uence the fi rms' location behavior, based on which this paper proposes some recommendations for economic development.
