Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003,383页,ISBN 0-521-81428-6。黄亚生(Huang Yasheng)所著 Selling China 是剑桥当代中国系列丛书的一本。中国目前是全世界最知名的跨国直接投资目的地,在20世纪90年代长期居于全世界吸收 ...Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003,383页,ISBN 0-521-81428-6。黄亚生(Huang Yasheng)所著 Selling China 是剑桥当代中国系列丛书的一本。中国目前是全世界最知名的跨国直接投资目的地,在20世纪90年代长期居于全世界吸收 FDI(foreign direct investment,FDI)的第二大国和发展中国家第一大国,2003年更超过美国成为吸收 FDI 第一大国,所以研究当代中国的经济,不能不涉及展开更多
In this article, the names of 3 varieties of Monarda didyma L., which are considered to be introduced species, some indicators of the water regime in the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan: the amount of water in the l...In this article, the names of 3 varieties of Monarda didyma L., which are considered to be introduced species, some indicators of the water regime in the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan: the amount of water in the leaves, water deficit, water storage capacity were studied in spring and summer, and seasonal changes were determined. According to these indicators of the water regime, the studied varieties belong to the labile water regime, high green mass (centner), seed yield (how many grams), resistance to diseases and pests have been determined, which shows that it is promising for introduction in the conditions of our republic. Therefore, it is recommended to breed these varieties in the foothills and hilly regions of Uzbekistan, where the amount of precipitation is more than 400 - 500 mm.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the visual outcomes of standard amblyopic treatment add-on training via perceptual learning in refractive amblyopic children and to identify the risk factors for treatment failure.METHODS:Retrospective...AIM:To evaluate the visual outcomes of standard amblyopic treatment add-on training via perceptual learning in refractive amblyopic children and to identify the risk factors for treatment failure.METHODS:Retrospective charts were reviewed in children with refractive amblyopia who received standard treatment and add-on Cambridge Visual Stimulator(CAM)training.The add-on CAM group that was enrolled had worn full-corrected glasses for at least 2mo before training.A control group received only the standard treatment.Treatment success was defined as best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)≥20/25.The age,sex,initial BCVA,refractive errors,sessions and duration of training,and final BCVA were recorded.RESULTS:A total of 209 children(129 children in add-on CAM group and 80 children in control group)were enrolled.Seventy-six percent of unilateral and 87%of bilateral amblyopic children achieved treatment success.In children with unilateral or bilateral moderate amblyopia,the duration to reach BCVA≥20/25 was significantly shorter in add-on CAM group than in control group.Poor initial BCVA(P<0.001)and high astigmatism(P=0.007)were risk factors for treatment failure after add-on CAM training.Age,sex,and types of refractive error were not associated with treatment success.CONCLUSION:Add-on CAM training is an effective strategy for visual improvement and can shorten the treatment course when the effect of standard treatment is limited in amblyopic children.展开更多
In the late summer of 1996, a combined acoustics and physical oceanography experiment (YS96) was performed in the midst of the Yellow Sea. Here the oceanographic data are analyzed and the internal wave spectrum is con...In the late summer of 1996, a combined acoustics and physical oceanography experiment (YS96) was performed in the midst of the Yellow Sea. Here the oceanographic data are analyzed and the internal wave spectrum is constructed. It shows that the internal wavesare dominated by the first modes and the spectral density is approximately proportional to w-s/z. Based on the internal wave spectrum, a model of the induced sound-speed distribution is developed, and computer simulation is conducted for CW signal propagation by using the PE method. Numerical results of the sound intensity fluctuations are preseflted for comparison with the experimental data.展开更多
In the very beginning,the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge was founded to provide computing service for different disciplines across the university.As computer science developed as a discipline in it...In the very beginning,the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge was founded to provide computing service for different disciplines across the university.As computer science developed as a discipline in its own right,boundaries necessarily arose between it and other disciplines,in a way that is now often detrimental to progress.Therefore,it is necessary to reinvigorate the relationship between computer science and other academic disciplines and celebrate exploration and creativity in research.To do this,the structures of the academic department have to act as supporting scaffolding rather than barriers.Some examples are given that show the efforts being made at the University of Cambridge to approach this problem.展开更多
Hirshfeld surface analysis has been widely used in recent years as a means to quantify and visualize various types of intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals. This review article introduces intermolecular in...Hirshfeld surface analysis has been widely used in recent years as a means to quantify and visualize various types of intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals. This review article introduces intermolecular interactions discussed with Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots. In addition, using CIF files obtained from our previous results, Hirshfeld surface analysis was newly performed, and the resulting 3DHirshfeld surfaces, 2D print plots, molecular structural features, and crystal structure relationships were described. Classification of their intermolecular interactions, statistical discussion focused on crystalline water and perspective on ligand-protein docking are also mentioned.展开更多
Large eddy simulations(LES) were performed to study the non-reacting flow fields of a Cambridge swirl burner. The dynamic Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model is used as the sub-grid scale turbulence model. Comparisons of...Large eddy simulations(LES) were performed to study the non-reacting flow fields of a Cambridge swirl burner. The dynamic Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model is used as the sub-grid scale turbulence model. Comparisons of experimental data show that the LES results are capable of predicting mean and root-mean-square velocity profiles. The LES results show that the annular swirling flow has a minor impact on the formation of the bluff-body recirculation zone. The vortex structures near the shear layers, visualized by the iso-surface of Q-criterion, display ring structures in non-swirling flow and helical structures in swirling flow near the burner exit. Spectral analysis was employed to predict the occurrence of flow oscillations induced by vortex shedding and precessing vortex core(PVC). In order to extract accurately the unsteady large-scale structures in swirling flow, a three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) method was developed to reconstruct turbulent fluctuating velocity fields. POD analysis reveals that flow fields contain co-existing helical and toroidal shaped coherent structures. The helical structure associated with the PVC is the most energetic dynamic flow structure. The latter toroidal structure associated with vortex shedding has lower energy content which indicates that it is a secondary structure.展开更多
Molten salts play multiple important roles in the electrolysis of solid metal compounds,particularly oxides and sulfides,for the extraction of metals or alloys.Some of these roles are positive in assisting the extract...Molten salts play multiple important roles in the electrolysis of solid metal compounds,particularly oxides and sulfides,for the extraction of metals or alloys.Some of these roles are positive in assisting the extraction of metals,such as dissolving the oxide or sulfide anions,and transporting them to the anode for discharging,and offering the high temperature to lower the kinetic barrier to break the metal-oxygen or metal-sulfur bond.However,molten salts also have unfavorable effects,including electronic conductivity and significant capability of dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.In addition,although molten salts are relatively simple in terms of composition,physical properties,and decomposition reactions at inert electrodes,in comparison with aqueous electrolytes,the high temperatures of molten salts may promote unwanted electrode-electrolyte interactions.This article reviews briefly and selectively the research and development of the F ray-F arthing-Chen(FFC)Cambridge Process in the past two decades,focusing on observations,understanding,and solutions of various interactions between molten salts and cathodes at different reduction states,including perovskitization,non-wetting of molten salts on pure metals,carbon contamination of products,formation of oxychlorides and calcium intermetallic compounds,and oxygen transfer from the air to the cathode product mediated by oxide anions in the molten salt.展开更多
During a debate comparing Chinese and Western systems of governance,held in Cambridge,Massachusetts,by the American nonprofit educational organization Intercollegiate Studies Institute on April 5,French entrepreneur a...During a debate comparing Chinese and Western systems of governance,held in Cambridge,Massachusetts,by the American nonprofit educational organization Intercollegiate Studies Institute on April 5,French entrepreneur and Internet influencer Arnaud Bertrand made a case for the suitability of China's system for promoting the flourishing of its people.展开更多
SHANGHAI.Dulwich Pudong Students Awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards.Dulwich Pudong are pleased to announce that three of their students have been awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards for achieving To...SHANGHAI.Dulwich Pudong Students Awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards.Dulwich Pudong are pleased to announce that three of their students have been awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards for achieving Top in China scores in the 2023 IGCSE examinations.展开更多
本文的标题机巧无比！第一个Cambridge不难理解,英国的CambridgeUniversity也。毛竹晨正在那儿攻读硕士学位。第二个Cambridge指何处呢?原来,毛竹晨来到泰晤士河畔的剑桥大学,未及细观剑河的碧波,未及浏览书斋的书报,就又打点行装,飞赴...本文的标题机巧无比！第一个Cambridge不难理解,英国的CambridgeUniversity也。毛竹晨正在那儿攻读硕士学位。第二个Cambridge指何处呢?原来,毛竹晨来到泰晤士河畔的剑桥大学,未及细观剑河的碧波,未及浏览书斋的书报,就又打点行装,飞赴美国,来到与剑桥“联姻”办学的MIT(MassachusettsInstitute of Technology的缩写,即“美国麻省理工学院”)。 第二个Cambridge原来指美国马萨诸塞州东部的一座城市“剑桥市”(即毛文中的Cambridge, MA).该市靠近查尔斯河,与波士顿相对。1630年作为新城镇而建立,以其研究和教育设施而闻名,包括哈佛大学(建于1636年)、拉德克大学(建于1879年)以及麻省理工学院(1861年)。人口 95,802。 毛竹晨在MIT的所见、所闻、所思在本文皆有细腻的描述,别致的实录。 文章,开启一扇小窗,让我们领略国外先进教育的最新发展,让我们呼吸世界顶级大学的科研气氛和校园书香！文章文思如瀑,笔锋一转,就是一景,其中一笔又“回放”了国内大学校园生活的镜头: During the week at MIT,I rarely found my teammates eating a serious meal.Most of the time a meal just means gulping down a sandwich in 5 minutes in theinterim of working sessions.Back in China, just by looking at the展开更多
Powder compacted and sintered Nb205 pellets were cathodically polarised against graphite anode in calcium chloride melt at 1173 K to study the influence of various factors on the electrochemical reduction of the oxide...Powder compacted and sintered Nb205 pellets were cathodically polarised against graphite anode in calcium chloride melt at 1173 K to study the influence of various factors on the electrochemical reduction of the oxide. The parameters were; duration and temperature of electrolysis, open porosity of pellets, nature of anode, mode of electrolysis and configuration of the oxide cathode. The experiments were also conducted in KC1, KC1-25 tool% CaC12 and NaC1 melts to understand the effect of melt composition on the electroreduction. Different Ca-Nb-O and Nb-O intermediates were found in the pellets electrolysed for different durations of time in CaC12 melt which eventually reduced to Nb. The current efficiency of the process decreased with increasing duration of electrolysis. Decrease in electrolysis temperature from 1 173 to 1073 K led to the decrease in the rate of reduction of the oxide pellets. Pellets with high open porosity reduced faster. Carbon contamination of the melt was relatively less when pyrolytic graphite was used as anode. Of all the melts studied, the reduction was found to be better in calcium chloride melt, that too when alumina crucible was used as container of the melt.展开更多
Considerable interest in hydrogen bonding involving chalcogen has been growing since the IUPAC committee has redefined hydrogen bonding. Not only the focus is on unconventional acceptors, but also on donors not discus...Considerable interest in hydrogen bonding involving chalcogen has been growing since the IUPAC committee has redefined hydrogen bonding. Not only the focus is on unconventional acceptors, but also on donors not discussed before. It has been mentioned in previous studies that the proton of the H-C group could be involved in hydrogen bonding, but with conventional acceptors. In this study, we explored the ability of hydrogen bond formation of Se, S and Te acceptors with the H-C donor using Cambridge Structural Database in conjunction with Ab Initio calculations. In the CSD, there are respectively 256, 6249 and 11 R1,R2,-C=Se, R1,R2,-C=S and R1,R2,-C=Te structures that form hydrogen bonds, in which the N,N groups are majority. Except for C=S acceptor which can form a hydrogen bond with its C, C group, both C=Se and C=Te acceptors could form a hydrogen bond only with N,C and N,N groups. CSD analysis shows very similar d (norm) around -0.04 Å, while DFT-calculated interaction for N,C and N,N groups are also similar. Both interaction distances derived from CSD analysis and DFT-calculated interaction energies demonstrate that the acceptors form stable complexes with H-CF3. Besides hydrogen bonds, dispersion interactions are forces stabilizing the complexes since their contribution can reach 50%. Analysis of intra-molecular geometries and Ab Initio partial charges show that this bonding stems from resonance induced C<sup>δ+</sup>=X<sup>δ-</sup> dipoles. In many respects, both C=Se, C=S and C=Te are similar to C=S, with similar d (norm) and calculated interaction strengths.展开更多
文摘Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003,383页,ISBN 0-521-81428-6。黄亚生(Huang Yasheng)所著 Selling China 是剑桥当代中国系列丛书的一本。中国目前是全世界最知名的跨国直接投资目的地,在20世纪90年代长期居于全世界吸收 FDI(foreign direct investment,FDI)的第二大国和发展中国家第一大国,2003年更超过美国成为吸收 FDI 第一大国,所以研究当代中国的经济,不能不涉及
文摘In this article, the names of 3 varieties of Monarda didyma L., which are considered to be introduced species, some indicators of the water regime in the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan: the amount of water in the leaves, water deficit, water storage capacity were studied in spring and summer, and seasonal changes were determined. According to these indicators of the water regime, the studied varieties belong to the labile water regime, high green mass (centner), seed yield (how many grams), resistance to diseases and pests have been determined, which shows that it is promising for introduction in the conditions of our republic. Therefore, it is recommended to breed these varieties in the foothills and hilly regions of Uzbekistan, where the amount of precipitation is more than 400 - 500 mm.
基金Supported by the Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University College of Medicine(No.CMRPG8L1231,No.CMRPG8L1232,Kaohsiung,Taiwan).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the visual outcomes of standard amblyopic treatment add-on training via perceptual learning in refractive amblyopic children and to identify the risk factors for treatment failure.METHODS:Retrospective charts were reviewed in children with refractive amblyopia who received standard treatment and add-on Cambridge Visual Stimulator(CAM)training.The add-on CAM group that was enrolled had worn full-corrected glasses for at least 2mo before training.A control group received only the standard treatment.Treatment success was defined as best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)≥20/25.The age,sex,initial BCVA,refractive errors,sessions and duration of training,and final BCVA were recorded.RESULTS:A total of 209 children(129 children in add-on CAM group and 80 children in control group)were enrolled.Seventy-six percent of unilateral and 87%of bilateral amblyopic children achieved treatment success.In children with unilateral or bilateral moderate amblyopia,the duration to reach BCVA≥20/25 was significantly shorter in add-on CAM group than in control group.Poor initial BCVA(P<0.001)and high astigmatism(P=0.007)were risk factors for treatment failure after add-on CAM training.Age,sex,and types of refractive error were not associated with treatment success.CONCLUSION:Add-on CAM training is an effective strategy for visual improvement and can shorten the treatment course when the effect of standard treatment is limited in amblyopic children.
文摘In the late summer of 1996, a combined acoustics and physical oceanography experiment (YS96) was performed in the midst of the Yellow Sea. Here the oceanographic data are analyzed and the internal wave spectrum is constructed. It shows that the internal wavesare dominated by the first modes and the spectral density is approximately proportional to w-s/z. Based on the internal wave spectrum, a model of the induced sound-speed distribution is developed, and computer simulation is conducted for CW signal propagation by using the PE method. Numerical results of the sound intensity fluctuations are preseflted for comparison with the experimental data.
文摘In the very beginning,the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge was founded to provide computing service for different disciplines across the university.As computer science developed as a discipline in its own right,boundaries necessarily arose between it and other disciplines,in a way that is now often detrimental to progress.Therefore,it is necessary to reinvigorate the relationship between computer science and other academic disciplines and celebrate exploration and creativity in research.To do this,the structures of the academic department have to act as supporting scaffolding rather than barriers.Some examples are given that show the efforts being made at the University of Cambridge to approach this problem.
文摘Hirshfeld surface analysis has been widely used in recent years as a means to quantify and visualize various types of intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals. This review article introduces intermolecular interactions discussed with Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots. In addition, using CIF files obtained from our previous results, Hirshfeld surface analysis was newly performed, and the resulting 3DHirshfeld surfaces, 2D print plots, molecular structural features, and crystal structure relationships were described. Classification of their intermolecular interactions, statistical discussion focused on crystalline water and perspective on ligand-protein docking are also mentioned.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51176178&91441117)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50936005)
文摘Large eddy simulations(LES) were performed to study the non-reacting flow fields of a Cambridge swirl burner. The dynamic Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model is used as the sub-grid scale turbulence model. Comparisons of experimental data show that the LES results are capable of predicting mean and root-mean-square velocity profiles. The LES results show that the annular swirling flow has a minor impact on the formation of the bluff-body recirculation zone. The vortex structures near the shear layers, visualized by the iso-surface of Q-criterion, display ring structures in non-swirling flow and helical structures in swirling flow near the burner exit. Spectral analysis was employed to predict the occurrence of flow oscillations induced by vortex shedding and precessing vortex core(PVC). In order to extract accurately the unsteady large-scale structures in swirling flow, a three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) method was developed to reconstruct turbulent fluctuating velocity fields. POD analysis reveals that flow fields contain co-existing helical and toroidal shaped coherent structures. The helical structure associated with the PVC is the most energetic dynamic flow structure. The latter toroidal structure associated with vortex shedding has lower energy content which indicates that it is a secondary structure.
文摘Molten salts play multiple important roles in the electrolysis of solid metal compounds,particularly oxides and sulfides,for the extraction of metals or alloys.Some of these roles are positive in assisting the extraction of metals,such as dissolving the oxide or sulfide anions,and transporting them to the anode for discharging,and offering the high temperature to lower the kinetic barrier to break the metal-oxygen or metal-sulfur bond.However,molten salts also have unfavorable effects,including electronic conductivity and significant capability of dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.In addition,although molten salts are relatively simple in terms of composition,physical properties,and decomposition reactions at inert electrodes,in comparison with aqueous electrolytes,the high temperatures of molten salts may promote unwanted electrode-electrolyte interactions.This article reviews briefly and selectively the research and development of the F ray-F arthing-Chen(FFC)Cambridge Process in the past two decades,focusing on observations,understanding,and solutions of various interactions between molten salts and cathodes at different reduction states,including perovskitization,non-wetting of molten salts on pure metals,carbon contamination of products,formation of oxychlorides and calcium intermetallic compounds,and oxygen transfer from the air to the cathode product mediated by oxide anions in the molten salt.
文摘During a debate comparing Chinese and Western systems of governance,held in Cambridge,Massachusetts,by the American nonprofit educational organization Intercollegiate Studies Institute on April 5,French entrepreneur and Internet influencer Arnaud Bertrand made a case for the suitability of China's system for promoting the flourishing of its people.
文摘SHANGHAI.Dulwich Pudong Students Awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards.Dulwich Pudong are pleased to announce that three of their students have been awarded Outstanding Cambridge Learner Awards for achieving Top in China scores in the 2023 IGCSE examinations.
文摘本文的标题机巧无比！第一个Cambridge不难理解,英国的CambridgeUniversity也。毛竹晨正在那儿攻读硕士学位。第二个Cambridge指何处呢?原来,毛竹晨来到泰晤士河畔的剑桥大学,未及细观剑河的碧波,未及浏览书斋的书报,就又打点行装,飞赴美国,来到与剑桥“联姻”办学的MIT(MassachusettsInstitute of Technology的缩写,即“美国麻省理工学院”)。 第二个Cambridge原来指美国马萨诸塞州东部的一座城市“剑桥市”(即毛文中的Cambridge, MA).该市靠近查尔斯河,与波士顿相对。1630年作为新城镇而建立,以其研究和教育设施而闻名,包括哈佛大学(建于1636年)、拉德克大学(建于1879年)以及麻省理工学院(1861年)。人口 95,802。 毛竹晨在MIT的所见、所闻、所思在本文皆有细腻的描述,别致的实录。 文章,开启一扇小窗,让我们领略国外先进教育的最新发展,让我们呼吸世界顶级大学的科研气氛和校园书香！文章文思如瀑,笔锋一转,就是一景,其中一笔又“回放”了国内大学校园生活的镜头: During the week at MIT,I rarely found my teammates eating a serious meal.Most of the time a meal just means gulping down a sandwich in 5 minutes in theinterim of working sessions.Back in China, just by looking at the
基金financial assistance from IGCAR, Department of Atomic Energy,India
文摘Powder compacted and sintered Nb205 pellets were cathodically polarised against graphite anode in calcium chloride melt at 1173 K to study the influence of various factors on the electrochemical reduction of the oxide. The parameters were; duration and temperature of electrolysis, open porosity of pellets, nature of anode, mode of electrolysis and configuration of the oxide cathode. The experiments were also conducted in KC1, KC1-25 tool% CaC12 and NaC1 melts to understand the effect of melt composition on the electroreduction. Different Ca-Nb-O and Nb-O intermediates were found in the pellets electrolysed for different durations of time in CaC12 melt which eventually reduced to Nb. The current efficiency of the process decreased with increasing duration of electrolysis. Decrease in electrolysis temperature from 1 173 to 1073 K led to the decrease in the rate of reduction of the oxide pellets. Pellets with high open porosity reduced faster. Carbon contamination of the melt was relatively less when pyrolytic graphite was used as anode. Of all the melts studied, the reduction was found to be better in calcium chloride melt, that too when alumina crucible was used as container of the melt.
文摘Considerable interest in hydrogen bonding involving chalcogen has been growing since the IUPAC committee has redefined hydrogen bonding. Not only the focus is on unconventional acceptors, but also on donors not discussed before. It has been mentioned in previous studies that the proton of the H-C group could be involved in hydrogen bonding, but with conventional acceptors. In this study, we explored the ability of hydrogen bond formation of Se, S and Te acceptors with the H-C donor using Cambridge Structural Database in conjunction with Ab Initio calculations. In the CSD, there are respectively 256, 6249 and 11 R1,R2,-C=Se, R1,R2,-C=S and R1,R2,-C=Te structures that form hydrogen bonds, in which the N,N groups are majority. Except for C=S acceptor which can form a hydrogen bond with its C, C group, both C=Se and C=Te acceptors could form a hydrogen bond only with N,C and N,N groups. CSD analysis shows very similar d (norm) around -0.04 Å, while DFT-calculated interaction for N,C and N,N groups are also similar. Both interaction distances derived from CSD analysis and DFT-calculated interaction energies demonstrate that the acceptors form stable complexes with H-CF3. Besides hydrogen bonds, dispersion interactions are forces stabilizing the complexes since their contribution can reach 50%. Analysis of intra-molecular geometries and Ab Initio partial charges show that this bonding stems from resonance induced C<sup>δ+</sup>=X<sup>δ-</sup> dipoles. In many respects, both C=Se, C=S and C=Te are similar to C=S, with similar d (norm) and calculated interaction strengths.
