Background Atopy is a state of allergy to common antigens and is founded on an immune disturbance of exuberant Th2 activity and IgE production. There is also epidemiologieal and experimental evidence that exposure to ...Background Atopy is a state of allergy to common antigens and is founded on an immune disturbance of exuberant Th2 activity and IgE production. There is also epidemiologieal and experimental evidence that exposure to myeobacteria has the potential to suppress the development of asthma or atopy. Since Thl and Th2 immune mechanisms are significantly antagonistic, it is hypothesized that myeobaeterial exposure may moderate atopie disease by modification of immune responses. Methods One hundred and twenty mild to moderate persistent asthmatics accompanied with allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into four groups with one injection every other day for 18 times for group A with 1 ml of normal saline, B with 0.5 mg of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide nucleotide （BCG-PSN） and C with 1 mg of BCG-PSN, 36 times for group D with 0. 5 mg of BCG-PSN. Markers for the severity of asthma and rhinitis including the amount of inhaled corticosteriod, bronchodilator and oral H1 blocker-loratidine being used to obtain optimal symptomatic control, symptom scores of asthma and allergic rhinitis, peak expiratory flow （PEF）, histamine provocative dose that produces at least a 20% change in forced expiratory volume with in 1 second （PD20-FEV1 ）, blood IgE levels as well as dermatophagoides pteronysinus （DP） and dermatophagoides farinae （DF） skin prick test were measured every visit for 6 months. Results There were no differences for symptom scores of asthma, daily use of bronchodilator, PEF, PD20- FEV1, blood IgE as well as DF and DP skin prick test among the four groups. Score for allergic rhinitis decreased significantly in groups B, C and D on day 36 and 72 as compared with group A （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Score for allergic rhinitis increased after day 72 in group B and C while it was significantly lower in group D （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The patients in group D used less amount of inhaled beclomethosone than other groups （ P 〈 0.05 ） from day 72 after the treatment to day 180. Oral loratadine consumption i展开更多
Background Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of human death. Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） is the only available vaccine against tuberculosis but its efficacy is highly variable. Thus, developing ne...Background Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of human death. Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） is the only available vaccine against tuberculosis but its efficacy is highly variable. Thus, developing new tuberculosis vaccines becomes an urgent task. In this study, we evaluated in BALB/c mice the humoral and cellular immune responses of recombinant BCG expressing the antigen ESAT-6 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods Escherichia coli-BCG shuttle plasmid named pDE22-esat-6 was constructed by inserting the BamHI/EcoRI digested esat-6 gene PCR product into the similarly digested parental plasmid pDE22. BCG cells were transformed with pDE22-esat-6, which was named recombinant BCG （rBCG）. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously on the back with 100 μl normal saline containing 106 CFU of BCG or rBCG. They were sacrificed after 4 weeks to detect their humoral and cellular responses. Results There was no any significant differences in the growth characteristics between the conventional BCG and rBCG. In immunized mice, the IgG antibody titres of rBCG group were as high as 1：8000, which was significantly higher than that in BCG group （1：1400, P〈0.05）. The elicited IFN-γ, level of rBCG group was （1993 ± 106） pg/ml, which was also significantly higher than that in BCG group （（1463 ± 105） pg/ml, P〈0.05）. The splenocyte proliferation index of rBCG group reached 4.34 ± 0.31, which was higher than that of BCG group （3.79 ±0.24, P〈0.05）. Conclusion rBCG secreted expressing antigen ESAT-6 stimulated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than BCG did, and, therefore may be the better vaccine against mycobacterium tuberculosis.展开更多
Background Bladder cancer is widely known as the most common malignant tumor in the urinary tract,with 75％-85％ of patients suffering from nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）.However,the optimal dose of Bacil...Background Bladder cancer is widely known as the most common malignant tumor in the urinary tract,with 75％-85％ of patients suffering from nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）.However,the optimal dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin （BCG） remains controversial.The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of full dose （FD） with the reduced dose （RD） of BCG.Methods Randomized controlled trials （RCTs） were selected through the Cochrane Library,PubMed and Embase and were supplemented by hand searching of bibliographies.The end points include overall survival rate,recurrence rate,progression rate and side effects.Results Five RCTs that included a total of 1 473 patients （727 in the reduced dose group vs 746 in the full dose group）,with a median follow-up period from 33.5 month to 7.1 year.Disease in 80 of 687 （11.6％） patients assigned to the RD group progress to the muscular layer or distant metastasis,compared with 81 of 698 （11.6％） patients assigned to the FD group （RR=1.02; 95％ CI,0.77-1.36; P=0.89）.The incidence of recurrence at three year was reported in all five studies to be 41.1％ （299 of 727） and 36.1％ （269 of 746） in the RD and FD groups,respectively （RR=1.13; 95％ CI,1.00-1.29; P=0.05）.The 5-year survival rate was 75.9％ （502 of 662） in the RD group,and 75.8％ （510 of 673） in the FD group.In the RD group 41 of 655 （6.3％） patients and 56 of 663 （8.7％） patients in the FD group did not complete the treatment due to systemic or local side effects （RR=0.75; 95％ CI,0.51-1.10; P=0.14） Conclusions In general,the results of our study demonstrate a trend towards a reduction of the toxicity in reduced dose group without affecting the efficacy of treatment when compared with full dose.More trials with large sample size are still necessary to explore the prognosis of the patients with high risk of tumor in different dose group.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)instillation is recommended in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer who have intermediate-risk and high-risk tumors.However,granulomatous prostatitis is a rare co...BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)instillation is recommended in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer who have intermediate-risk and high-risk tumors.However,granulomatous prostatitis is a rare complication induced by BCG instillation,which can easily be misdiagnosed as prostate cancer.Here,we report a case of granulomatous prostatitis that resembled prostate cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old Chinese man with bladder cancer received BCG instillation.Three days later,he stopped BCG instillation and received anti-infective therapy due to the urinary tract infection.Three months after BCG restart,he had rising total prostate-specific antigen(PSA)(9.14 ng/mL)and decreasing free PSA/total PSA(0.09).T2-weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed a 28 mm×20 mm diffuse low signal abnormality in the right peripheral zone,which was markedly hyperintense on high b-value diffusion-weighted MRI and hypointense on apparent diffusion coefficient map images.Considering Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score of 5 and possibility of prostate cancer,a prostate biopsy was conducted.Histopathology showed typical features of granulomatous prostatitis.The nucleic acid test for tuberculosis was positive.He was finally diagnosed with BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis.Thereafter,he stopped BCG instillation and received anti-tuberculosis treatment.During 10 mo follow-up,he had no evidence of tumor recurrence or symptoms of tuberculosis.CONCLUSION Temporarily elevated PSA and high followed by low signal abnormality on diffusion-weighted MRI are important indicators of BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis.展开更多
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. Wh...Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72 + AS01E is a recombinant fusion protein vaccine candidate, clinical trials showed that administering two doses of M72/AS01E was successful in reducing the development of active TB disease with 50% efficacy. Studies have also proven the efficacy of Vaccae (which is currently in phase III clinical trials) as an adjunctive therapy, with it being curative in conjunction with current therapy. Conclusion: Given the morbidity and mortality suffered globally by M. tuberculosis, it is time to realize the seriousness of the situation and accelerate our commitment and investment to the eradication of this infectious disease. With the number of vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials having promising res展开更多
A novel prophylactic regimen is demanded for preventing bladder cancer recurrence, because of the high side-effect tolls of conventional adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, in addition to its o...A novel prophylactic regimen is demanded for preventing bladder cancer recurrence, because of the high side-effect tolls of conventional adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, in addition to its only moderate efficacy. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of a medicinal mushroom called Ganoderma lucidum (GL). In this study, a pre-malignant human uroepithelial cells (HUC-PC) model was utilized to compare the effectiveness between ethanol extract of GL (GLe) and BCG on interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity. Additionally, parameters relevant to the BCG efficacy and safety, including free soluble fibronectin (FN) and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) levels were tested, following the exposure of GLe to the cells. GLe at 100 μg/ml and BCG at 4.8 × 107 CFU were shown to induce equivalent levels of IL-6, suggesting the potential synergism, while the tested concentrations of GLe were non-cytotoxic. During the initial four hours of GLe exposure, the free FN concentrations in harvested media were significantly reduced that might facilitate the binding of BCG for uroepithelial internalization to enhance BCG efficacy. Furthermore, the cell membrane-bound GAGs levels of HUC-PC cells were significant increased in response to GLe to suggest cellular protection from BCG infection. In summary, current findings suggest the potential additive synergism of GLe with the BCG efficacy, as well as its protective effects, and thus reducing the BCG toxicity.展开更多
The cellular immune response elicited by Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been carefully investigated, but the humoral immune response has been partially neglected. BALB/c mice were immunized...The cellular immune response elicited by Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been carefully investigated, but the humoral immune response has been partially neglected. BALB/c mice were immunized with BCG strain used to immunize humans. Anti-BCG antibodies, as assayed by ELISA, began to appear in the sera after the third week of immunization and plateaued three weeks after the 8th immunization. The total immunoglobulins (Igs) were purified by caprylic acid method from pooled serum collected after the 8th immunization. Anti-BCG antigen antibodies were detected in the total Igs preparation as well as in IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, but not in the IgG3. Distinct BCG proteins were recognized the IgGs in Western blot analysis. Opsonization of BCG bacilli by the purified Igs potentiated internalization of the bacteria by murine Raw 264.7 macrophages. The intracellular BCG elimination coincided with the induction of NO production, which was more pronounced in cells infected with opsonized BCG compared to those infected with the non-opsonized bacteria. Coincidently, the production of NO was also higher in macrophages infected with opsonized BCG (maximal NO production at 48 h of incubation). The obtained results demonstrate that repeated inoculations of BCG effectively activate the humoral immune response, justifying the use of BCG as a live recombinant vaccine vector to insert genes encoding virulence factors controlled by antibodies.展开更多
Allergic asthma has been defined as a disease of immunodysregulation, where the pathology is a direct consequence of excessive T-helper type 2 immune responses （Th2） to allergens in the lungs. Disease is associated ...Allergic asthma has been defined as a disease of immunodysregulation, where the pathology is a direct consequence of excessive T-helper type 2 immune responses （Th2） to allergens in the lungs. Disease is associated with increased secretion of type-2 cytokines such as interleukin （IL）-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which, among other things,展开更多
Background:Severe functional impairment is often considered a contraindication to intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).A tailored intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)procedure w...Background:Severe functional impairment is often considered a contraindication to intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).A tailored intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)procedure was evaluated in high-risk(HR)-NMIBC patients with severe functional impairment.Materials and methods:Patients with a Katz Index score of 2 or less and an initial diagnosis of HR-NMIBC with atraumatic insertion of a Foley-type indwelling catheter,bladder emptying,and BCG instillation were prospectively treated;after 2 hours,the bladder was emptied and the catheter was removed(group A).After propensity score matching,52 patients in group A were compared with that of 52 consecutive patients in group B using a retrospective database,with similar baseline/oncological characteristics and treated with standard intermittent catheterization.Moreover,groups A and B were compared with that of 130 consecutive patients(group C)retrospectively evaluated,with similar oncological characteristics but with a Katz Index score of 3 or greater and treated with standard intermittent catheterization.Results:The discontinuation rates were 11.5%,35%,and 9%in groups A,B,and C,respectively(A vs.B,log-rank score 42.52[po<0.05];B vs.C,107.6[p<0.05];A vs.C,3.45[p>0.05]).The overall adverse event rates were 38.5%,57.7%,and 39.2%,respectively(A vs.B,p=0.04;B vs.C,0.03;A vs.C,0.92).The rates of severe adverse events were 1.9%,1.9%,and 1.5%,respectively,without statistically significant differences.The cumulative HR disease-free survival rates were 63.4%,48%,and 69.2%,respectively(A vs.B,log-rank score 154.9[p<0.05];B vs.C,415[p<0.05];A vs.C,244[p<0.05]).Conclusions:A tailored intravesical instillation procedure may reduce BCG discontinuation and adverse effects.展开更多
Background:This study examined real-world treatment and management of bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)-unresponsive patients across 3 continents,including patients unable or unwilling to undergo cystectomy.Materials...Background:This study examined real-world treatment and management of bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)-unresponsive patients across 3 continents,including patients unable or unwilling to undergo cystectomy.Materials and methods:Physicians actively involved in managing patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer completed online case report forms for their 5 consecutive patients from the broad BCG-unresponsive population and a further 5 consecutive BCG-unresponsive patients who did not undergo cystectomy(in Japan,physicians provided a total of 5 patients across both cohorts).Results:Most patients had received 1(37%)or 2(24%)maintenance courses of BCG.Five or more maintenance BCG courses were received by patients in Japan(59%)and China(31%),while in Germany 76%of patients received only 1 course.Most patients became BCG-unresponsive during their first(44%)or second(22%)treatment course;in Germany,77%became BCG-unresponsive during their first treatment course.Most countries did not provide another course of BCG after a patient first became unresponsive,whereas unresponsive patients in Japan and China were most likely to be retreated with BCG."Untreated-on watch and wait"was the main treatment/management approach received post-BCG treatment for 42%or more of patients in most countries except China(39%)and the United States(36%)."Following treatment guidelines"was consistently the top reason for post-BCG treatment selection across all treatment options.Conclusions:This study confirmed the global unmet need for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer,and found that many patients experienced periods of no treatment after not responding to BCG therapy.展开更多
COVID-19 has become one of the critical health issues globally,which surfaced first in latter part of the year 2019.It is the topmost concern for many nations’governments as the contagious virus started mushrooming o...COVID-19 has become one of the critical health issues globally,which surfaced first in latter part of the year 2019.It is the topmost concern for many nations’governments as the contagious virus started mushrooming over adjacent regions of infected areas.In 1980,a vaccine called Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)was introduced for preventing tuberculosis and lung cancer.Countries that have made the BCG vaccine mandatory have witnessed a lesser COVID-19 fatality rate than the countries that have not made it compulsory.This paper’s initial research shows that the countries with a longtermcompulsory BCGvaccination system are less affected by COVID-19 than those without a BCG vaccination system.This paper discusses analytical data patterns for medical applications regarding COVID-19 impact on countries with mandatory BCG status on fatality rates.The paper has tackled numerous analytical challenges to realize the full potential of heterogeneous data.An analogy is drawn to demonstrate how other factors can affect fatality and infection rates other than BCG vaccination only,such as age groups affected,other diseases,and stringency index.The data of Spain,Portugal,and Germany have been taken for a case study of BCG impact analysis.展开更多
Aim:Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)is the mainstay adjuvant treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.However,one third of the patients on BCG regimen relapse within the first year of treatment.Th...Aim:Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)is the mainstay adjuvant treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.However,one third of the patients on BCG regimen relapse within the first year of treatment.This study aimed at identifying biomarkers to predict response to BCG treatment.Methods:Gene expression was analyzed in blood cells of 58 patients treated with BCG through six consecutive weekly instillations and then at month 3,6,9,and 12.Cytokines tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-10,interferon(IFN)-γ,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6;chemokines CCL2,CCL3,CCL8,CXCL9,and IP-10;and mediators of cytotoxicity CTLA4,Fas-L,Perf,GNLY,NOS2A,and HMOX-1 were analyzed before the 1st and the 6th week instillation and 24 h after to assess fast(within 24 h)and prolonged changes resulting from treatment.Results:BCG instillation led to fast-increased expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10 genes.When compared to relapsing patients,patients with no relapses within one year showed significantly lower expression of IL-1βat 1st week and less IFN-γ,HMOX-1,and GNLY at week 6.HMOX-1 and GNLY were independent predictive biomarkers,and values above the cut-off≥110 and≥13.0‰mRNA,respectively,were considered prejudicial factors.Patients with two HMOX-1 and GNLY factors had highest(66.7%)relapsing risk.Conclusion:Assessing immunomodulators’expression in blood allows the establishment of predictive cut-off values and identification of probabilities for patients’relapses after BCG treatment.展开更多
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, initially used in medicine as a vaccination agent only. The discovery of its antineoplastic effects in bladder cancer has led to th...Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, initially used in medicine as a vaccination agent only. The discovery of its antineoplastic effects in bladder cancer has led to the widespread recognition of BCG intravesical instillation as a therapeutic option. Although sepsis following BCG intravesical instillation is rare, it is nonetheless a dreadful and potentially fatal complication. Therapy usually relies on antituberculous therapy and steroids, alongside with intensive care unit admission. The authors report a case of a 67-year-old male patient who developed septic shock with multiple organ dysfunction after intravesical BCG instillation and review the currently available knowledge concerning the risk factors, diagnosis, management and prevention of BCG sepsis.展开更多
Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has become an effective and superior alternative to chemotherapy. Intravesical treatment with BCG appears to be relati...Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has become an effective and superior alternative to chemotherapy. Intravesical treatment with BCG appears to be relatively safe;however, occasionally BCG infection complicates such treatment. In the present work we describe three patients in whom BCG infection occurred after intravesical BCG therapy. All patients had positive urine culture forMycobacterium tuberculosis complex, using AccuProbe culture identification and then Genotype Mycobacterium MTBC test identified Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The diagnosis is difficult and microbiologic study is usually negative, so high index of suspicion is essential.展开更多
The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Several studi...The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Several studies propose that BCG vaccination may increase the body's immunity,thereby preventing respiratory infections caused by other respiratory pathogens.As the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is increasing rapidly and there is no specific treatment available to date,scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of already approved drugs as therapies against COVID-19,and the results were found to vary widely:from no significant effect being observed to a reduction in the time taken for clinical improvement.This study thus aims to evaluate whether it is worth performing clinical trials to examine the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19.We herein emphasize the need to conduct phase III randomized controlled trials with adequate sample size and quality to investigate the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19.In the event that BCG vaccination provides non-specific protection against COVID-19,administering it could be helpful in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases during future pandemics.展开更多
文摘Background Atopy is a state of allergy to common antigens and is founded on an immune disturbance of exuberant Th2 activity and IgE production. There is also epidemiologieal and experimental evidence that exposure to myeobacteria has the potential to suppress the development of asthma or atopy. Since Thl and Th2 immune mechanisms are significantly antagonistic, it is hypothesized that myeobaeterial exposure may moderate atopie disease by modification of immune responses. Methods One hundred and twenty mild to moderate persistent asthmatics accompanied with allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into four groups with one injection every other day for 18 times for group A with 1 ml of normal saline, B with 0.5 mg of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide nucleotide （BCG-PSN） and C with 1 mg of BCG-PSN, 36 times for group D with 0. 5 mg of BCG-PSN. Markers for the severity of asthma and rhinitis including the amount of inhaled corticosteriod, bronchodilator and oral H1 blocker-loratidine being used to obtain optimal symptomatic control, symptom scores of asthma and allergic rhinitis, peak expiratory flow （PEF）, histamine provocative dose that produces at least a 20% change in forced expiratory volume with in 1 second （PD20-FEV1 ）, blood IgE levels as well as dermatophagoides pteronysinus （DP） and dermatophagoides farinae （DF） skin prick test were measured every visit for 6 months. Results There were no differences for symptom scores of asthma, daily use of bronchodilator, PEF, PD20- FEV1, blood IgE as well as DF and DP skin prick test among the four groups. Score for allergic rhinitis decreased significantly in groups B, C and D on day 36 and 72 as compared with group A （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Score for allergic rhinitis increased after day 72 in group B and C while it was significantly lower in group D （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The patients in group D used less amount of inhaled beclomethosone than other groups （ P 〈 0.05 ） from day 72 after the treatment to day 180. Oral loratadine consumption i
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30400381)the "863"Program(No. 2001 AA215201).
文摘Background Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of human death. Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） is the only available vaccine against tuberculosis but its efficacy is highly variable. Thus, developing new tuberculosis vaccines becomes an urgent task. In this study, we evaluated in BALB/c mice the humoral and cellular immune responses of recombinant BCG expressing the antigen ESAT-6 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods Escherichia coli-BCG shuttle plasmid named pDE22-esat-6 was constructed by inserting the BamHI/EcoRI digested esat-6 gene PCR product into the similarly digested parental plasmid pDE22. BCG cells were transformed with pDE22-esat-6, which was named recombinant BCG （rBCG）. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously on the back with 100 μl normal saline containing 106 CFU of BCG or rBCG. They were sacrificed after 4 weeks to detect their humoral and cellular responses. Results There was no any significant differences in the growth characteristics between the conventional BCG and rBCG. In immunized mice, the IgG antibody titres of rBCG group were as high as 1：8000, which was significantly higher than that in BCG group （1：1400, P〈0.05）. The elicited IFN-γ, level of rBCG group was （1993 ± 106） pg/ml, which was also significantly higher than that in BCG group （（1463 ± 105） pg/ml, P〈0.05）. The splenocyte proliferation index of rBCG group reached 4.34 ± 0.31, which was higher than that of BCG group （3.79 ±0.24, P〈0.05）. Conclusion rBCG secreted expressing antigen ESAT-6 stimulated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than BCG did, and, therefore may be the better vaccine against mycobacterium tuberculosis.
文摘Background Bladder cancer is widely known as the most common malignant tumor in the urinary tract,with 75％-85％ of patients suffering from nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）.However,the optimal dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin （BCG） remains controversial.The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of full dose （FD） with the reduced dose （RD） of BCG.Methods Randomized controlled trials （RCTs） were selected through the Cochrane Library,PubMed and Embase and were supplemented by hand searching of bibliographies.The end points include overall survival rate,recurrence rate,progression rate and side effects.Results Five RCTs that included a total of 1 473 patients （727 in the reduced dose group vs 746 in the full dose group）,with a median follow-up period from 33.5 month to 7.1 year.Disease in 80 of 687 （11.6％） patients assigned to the RD group progress to the muscular layer or distant metastasis,compared with 81 of 698 （11.6％） patients assigned to the FD group （RR=1.02; 95％ CI,0.77-1.36; P=0.89）.The incidence of recurrence at three year was reported in all five studies to be 41.1％ （299 of 727） and 36.1％ （269 of 746） in the RD and FD groups,respectively （RR=1.13; 95％ CI,1.00-1.29; P=0.05）.The 5-year survival rate was 75.9％ （502 of 662） in the RD group,and 75.8％ （510 of 673） in the FD group.In the RD group 41 of 655 （6.3％） patients and 56 of 663 （8.7％） patients in the FD group did not complete the treatment due to systemic or local side effects （RR=0.75; 95％ CI,0.51-1.10; P=0.14） Conclusions In general,the results of our study demonstrate a trend towards a reduction of the toxicity in reduced dose group without affecting the efficacy of treatment when compared with full dose.More trials with large sample size are still necessary to explore the prognosis of the patients with high risk of tumor in different dose group.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2021MH354.
文摘BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)instillation is recommended in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer who have intermediate-risk and high-risk tumors.However,granulomatous prostatitis is a rare complication induced by BCG instillation,which can easily be misdiagnosed as prostate cancer.Here,we report a case of granulomatous prostatitis that resembled prostate cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old Chinese man with bladder cancer received BCG instillation.Three days later,he stopped BCG instillation and received anti-infective therapy due to the urinary tract infection.Three months after BCG restart,he had rising total prostate-specific antigen(PSA)(9.14 ng/mL)and decreasing free PSA/total PSA(0.09).T2-weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed a 28 mm×20 mm diffuse low signal abnormality in the right peripheral zone,which was markedly hyperintense on high b-value diffusion-weighted MRI and hypointense on apparent diffusion coefficient map images.Considering Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score of 5 and possibility of prostate cancer,a prostate biopsy was conducted.Histopathology showed typical features of granulomatous prostatitis.The nucleic acid test for tuberculosis was positive.He was finally diagnosed with BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis.Thereafter,he stopped BCG instillation and received anti-tuberculosis treatment.During 10 mo follow-up,he had no evidence of tumor recurrence or symptoms of tuberculosis.CONCLUSION Temporarily elevated PSA and high followed by low signal abnormality on diffusion-weighted MRI are important indicators of BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis.
文摘Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72 + AS01E is a recombinant fusion protein vaccine candidate, clinical trials showed that administering two doses of M72/AS01E was successful in reducing the development of active TB disease with 50% efficacy. Studies have also proven the efficacy of Vaccae (which is currently in phase III clinical trials) as an adjunctive therapy, with it being curative in conjunction with current therapy. Conclusion: Given the morbidity and mortality suffered globally by M. tuberculosis, it is time to realize the seriousness of the situation and accelerate our commitment and investment to the eradication of this infectious disease. With the number of vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials having promising res
文摘A novel prophylactic regimen is demanded for preventing bladder cancer recurrence, because of the high side-effect tolls of conventional adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, in addition to its only moderate efficacy. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of a medicinal mushroom called Ganoderma lucidum (GL). In this study, a pre-malignant human uroepithelial cells (HUC-PC) model was utilized to compare the effectiveness between ethanol extract of GL (GLe) and BCG on interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity. Additionally, parameters relevant to the BCG efficacy and safety, including free soluble fibronectin (FN) and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) levels were tested, following the exposure of GLe to the cells. GLe at 100 μg/ml and BCG at 4.8 × 107 CFU were shown to induce equivalent levels of IL-6, suggesting the potential synergism, while the tested concentrations of GLe were non-cytotoxic. During the initial four hours of GLe exposure, the free FN concentrations in harvested media were significantly reduced that might facilitate the binding of BCG for uroepithelial internalization to enhance BCG efficacy. Furthermore, the cell membrane-bound GAGs levels of HUC-PC cells were significant increased in response to GLe to suggest cellular protection from BCG infection. In summary, current findings suggest the potential additive synergism of GLe with the BCG efficacy, as well as its protective effects, and thus reducing the BCG toxicity.
文摘The cellular immune response elicited by Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been carefully investigated, but the humoral immune response has been partially neglected. BALB/c mice were immunized with BCG strain used to immunize humans. Anti-BCG antibodies, as assayed by ELISA, began to appear in the sera after the third week of immunization and plateaued three weeks after the 8th immunization. The total immunoglobulins (Igs) were purified by caprylic acid method from pooled serum collected after the 8th immunization. Anti-BCG antigen antibodies were detected in the total Igs preparation as well as in IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, but not in the IgG3. Distinct BCG proteins were recognized the IgGs in Western blot analysis. Opsonization of BCG bacilli by the purified Igs potentiated internalization of the bacteria by murine Raw 264.7 macrophages. The intracellular BCG elimination coincided with the induction of NO production, which was more pronounced in cells infected with opsonized BCG compared to those infected with the non-opsonized bacteria. Coincidently, the production of NO was also higher in macrophages infected with opsonized BCG (maximal NO production at 48 h of incubation). The obtained results demonstrate that repeated inoculations of BCG effectively activate the humoral immune response, justifying the use of BCG as a live recombinant vaccine vector to insert genes encoding virulence factors controlled by antibodies.
文摘Allergic asthma has been defined as a disease of immunodysregulation, where the pathology is a direct consequence of excessive T-helper type 2 immune responses （Th2） to allergens in the lungs. Disease is associated with increased secretion of type-2 cytokines such as interleukin （IL）-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which, among other things,
文摘Background:Severe functional impairment is often considered a contraindication to intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).A tailored intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)procedure was evaluated in high-risk(HR)-NMIBC patients with severe functional impairment.Materials and methods:Patients with a Katz Index score of 2 or less and an initial diagnosis of HR-NMIBC with atraumatic insertion of a Foley-type indwelling catheter,bladder emptying,and BCG instillation were prospectively treated;after 2 hours,the bladder was emptied and the catheter was removed(group A).After propensity score matching,52 patients in group A were compared with that of 52 consecutive patients in group B using a retrospective database,with similar baseline/oncological characteristics and treated with standard intermittent catheterization.Moreover,groups A and B were compared with that of 130 consecutive patients(group C)retrospectively evaluated,with similar oncological characteristics but with a Katz Index score of 3 or greater and treated with standard intermittent catheterization.Results:The discontinuation rates were 11.5%,35%,and 9%in groups A,B,and C,respectively(A vs.B,log-rank score 42.52[po<0.05];B vs.C,107.6[p<0.05];A vs.C,3.45[p>0.05]).The overall adverse event rates were 38.5%,57.7%,and 39.2%,respectively(A vs.B,p=0.04;B vs.C,0.03;A vs.C,0.92).The rates of severe adverse events were 1.9%,1.9%,and 1.5%,respectively,without statistically significant differences.The cumulative HR disease-free survival rates were 63.4%,48%,and 69.2%,respectively(A vs.B,log-rank score 154.9[p<0.05];B vs.C,415[p<0.05];A vs.C,244[p<0.05]).Conclusions:A tailored intravesical instillation procedure may reduce BCG discontinuation and adverse effects.
文摘Background:This study examined real-world treatment and management of bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)-unresponsive patients across 3 continents,including patients unable or unwilling to undergo cystectomy.Materials and methods:Physicians actively involved in managing patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer completed online case report forms for their 5 consecutive patients from the broad BCG-unresponsive population and a further 5 consecutive BCG-unresponsive patients who did not undergo cystectomy(in Japan,physicians provided a total of 5 patients across both cohorts).Results:Most patients had received 1(37%)or 2(24%)maintenance courses of BCG.Five or more maintenance BCG courses were received by patients in Japan(59%)and China(31%),while in Germany 76%of patients received only 1 course.Most patients became BCG-unresponsive during their first(44%)or second(22%)treatment course;in Germany,77%became BCG-unresponsive during their first treatment course.Most countries did not provide another course of BCG after a patient first became unresponsive,whereas unresponsive patients in Japan and China were most likely to be retreated with BCG."Untreated-on watch and wait"was the main treatment/management approach received post-BCG treatment for 42%or more of patients in most countries except China(39%)and the United States(36%)."Following treatment guidelines"was consistently the top reason for post-BCG treatment selection across all treatment options.Conclusions:This study confirmed the global unmet need for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer,and found that many patients experienced periods of no treatment after not responding to BCG therapy.
文摘COVID-19 has become one of the critical health issues globally,which surfaced first in latter part of the year 2019.It is the topmost concern for many nations’governments as the contagious virus started mushrooming over adjacent regions of infected areas.In 1980,a vaccine called Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)was introduced for preventing tuberculosis and lung cancer.Countries that have made the BCG vaccine mandatory have witnessed a lesser COVID-19 fatality rate than the countries that have not made it compulsory.This paper’s initial research shows that the countries with a longtermcompulsory BCGvaccination system are less affected by COVID-19 than those without a BCG vaccination system.This paper discusses analytical data patterns for medical applications regarding COVID-19 impact on countries with mandatory BCG status on fatality rates.The paper has tackled numerous analytical challenges to realize the full potential of heterogeneous data.An analogy is drawn to demonstrate how other factors can affect fatality and infection rates other than BCG vaccination only,such as age groups affected,other diseases,and stringency index.The data of Spain,Portugal,and Germany have been taken for a case study of BCG impact analysis.
基金supported by a grant of Astellas Pharma,obtained after application.
文摘Aim:Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)is the mainstay adjuvant treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.However,one third of the patients on BCG regimen relapse within the first year of treatment.This study aimed at identifying biomarkers to predict response to BCG treatment.Methods:Gene expression was analyzed in blood cells of 58 patients treated with BCG through six consecutive weekly instillations and then at month 3,6,9,and 12.Cytokines tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-10,interferon(IFN)-γ,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-4,and IL-6;chemokines CCL2,CCL3,CCL8,CXCL9,and IP-10;and mediators of cytotoxicity CTLA4,Fas-L,Perf,GNLY,NOS2A,and HMOX-1 were analyzed before the 1st and the 6th week instillation and 24 h after to assess fast(within 24 h)and prolonged changes resulting from treatment.Results:BCG instillation led to fast-increased expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10 genes.When compared to relapsing patients,patients with no relapses within one year showed significantly lower expression of IL-1βat 1st week and less IFN-γ,HMOX-1,and GNLY at week 6.HMOX-1 and GNLY were independent predictive biomarkers,and values above the cut-off≥110 and≥13.0‰mRNA,respectively,were considered prejudicial factors.Patients with two HMOX-1 and GNLY factors had highest(66.7%)relapsing risk.Conclusion:Assessing immunomodulators’expression in blood allows the establishment of predictive cut-off values and identification of probabilities for patients’relapses after BCG treatment.
文摘Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, initially used in medicine as a vaccination agent only. The discovery of its antineoplastic effects in bladder cancer has led to the widespread recognition of BCG intravesical instillation as a therapeutic option. Although sepsis following BCG intravesical instillation is rare, it is nonetheless a dreadful and potentially fatal complication. Therapy usually relies on antituberculous therapy and steroids, alongside with intensive care unit admission. The authors report a case of a 67-year-old male patient who developed septic shock with multiple organ dysfunction after intravesical BCG instillation and review the currently available knowledge concerning the risk factors, diagnosis, management and prevention of BCG sepsis.
文摘Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has become an effective and superior alternative to chemotherapy. Intravesical treatment with BCG appears to be relatively safe;however, occasionally BCG infection complicates such treatment. In the present work we describe three patients in whom BCG infection occurred after intravesical BCG therapy. All patients had positive urine culture forMycobacterium tuberculosis complex, using AccuProbe culture identification and then Genotype Mycobacterium MTBC test identified Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The diagnosis is difficult and microbiologic study is usually negative, so high index of suspicion is essential.
文摘The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin(BCG)vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Several studies propose that BCG vaccination may increase the body's immunity,thereby preventing respiratory infections caused by other respiratory pathogens.As the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is increasing rapidly and there is no specific treatment available to date,scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of already approved drugs as therapies against COVID-19,and the results were found to vary widely:from no significant effect being observed to a reduction in the time taken for clinical improvement.This study thus aims to evaluate whether it is worth performing clinical trials to examine the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19.We herein emphasize the need to conduct phase III randomized controlled trials with adequate sample size and quality to investigate the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19.In the event that BCG vaccination provides non-specific protection against COVID-19,administering it could be helpful in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases during future pandemics.
