Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the rural population in the chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu)zone of the North Central Province(NCP)in Sri Lanka.In this study,a total of 334 groundw...Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the rural population in the chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu)zone of the North Central Province(NCP)in Sri Lanka.In this study,a total of 334 groundwater samples(311 dug wells,21 tube wells and 2 springs)during the wet season from two aquifers in the NCP were collected,and inves-tigated their chemical characteristics and evaluate their water quality,including ground-water chemistry,main ion sources,the corrosion and scaling potential of groundwater.The results showed that the two hydrochemical types of groundwater in the NCP were mainly of the Ca-HCO_(3),Na·Ca-HCO_(3)types,with the main HCO_(3)−,Na^(+)and Ca^(2+)ions in both types of groundwater originating from silicate and evaporite salt dissolution and influenced by alternating cation adsorption,while the presence of NO_(3)−was mainly anthropogenic.Eval-uation ofwater stability using namely Langelier saturation index(LSI),Ryznar stability index(RSI),Puckorius scaling index(PSI)and Larson-Skold index(LS),indicated that most ground-water presents corrosion potential and has corrosion behavior tendency of metals to some degrees.The water quality of Polonnaruwa was better than that of Anuradhapura in the NCP,and when the groundwater was worse than the“good”grade,which must be properly treated before it is used as drinking water.展开更多
Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed...Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed with a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) not associated to diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Methods: The study involved 42 male patients older than 18 years old with confirmed CKDu that have participated in different stages of pesticides management. This is a cross-sectional study;it was conducted from January to June 2011, in three communities of Bajo Lempa region, El Salvador. An interview was especially designed to investigate which pesticides were used and the farmer practices at different stages of pesticide use. Statistical descriptive analysis was carried out for the several studied variables. Results: All interviewed people had a direct relationship with agricultural activities. The majority of patients had poor education, 19% were illiterate and 55% only have primary education. Most farmers with CKDu had been exposed more than 10 years to hazardous pesticides. The most used pesticide was Hedonal/2, 4 D (100%). 95% interviewed patients mixed different pesticides and 63% dumped empty pesticide containers in the fields. Interviewees did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (100%). Conclusions: There is high use of hazardous pesticides by patients and some of these are banned and some are legal in El Salvador, but prohibited by other countries. Interviewed CKDu patients had high exposure to toxic pesticides due to the misuse in almost all stages. There is inadequate legislation and a poor law enforcement to prevent the misuse of pesticides in El Salvador.展开更多
Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance...Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El Salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El Salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El Salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of Chinathe National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka(No.21861142020)+1 种基金the Alliance of International Science Orga-nizations Collaborative Research Program(No.ANSO-CR-KP-2020-05)the Program of China Sri Lanka Joint Research and Demonstration Center for Water Technology,China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research,CAS.
文摘Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the rural population in the chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu)zone of the North Central Province(NCP)in Sri Lanka.In this study,a total of 334 groundwater samples(311 dug wells,21 tube wells and 2 springs)during the wet season from two aquifers in the NCP were collected,and inves-tigated their chemical characteristics and evaluate their water quality,including ground-water chemistry,main ion sources,the corrosion and scaling potential of groundwater.The results showed that the two hydrochemical types of groundwater in the NCP were mainly of the Ca-HCO_(3),Na·Ca-HCO_(3)types,with the main HCO_(3)−,Na^(+)and Ca^(2+)ions in both types of groundwater originating from silicate and evaporite salt dissolution and influenced by alternating cation adsorption,while the presence of NO_(3)−was mainly anthropogenic.Eval-uation ofwater stability using namely Langelier saturation index(LSI),Ryznar stability index(RSI),Puckorius scaling index(PSI)and Larson-Skold index(LS),indicated that most ground-water presents corrosion potential and has corrosion behavior tendency of metals to some degrees.The water quality of Polonnaruwa was better than that of Anuradhapura in the NCP,and when the groundwater was worse than the“good”grade,which must be properly treated before it is used as drinking water.
文摘Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed with a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) not associated to diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Methods: The study involved 42 male patients older than 18 years old with confirmed CKDu that have participated in different stages of pesticides management. This is a cross-sectional study;it was conducted from January to June 2011, in three communities of Bajo Lempa region, El Salvador. An interview was especially designed to investigate which pesticides were used and the farmer practices at different stages of pesticide use. Statistical descriptive analysis was carried out for the several studied variables. Results: All interviewed people had a direct relationship with agricultural activities. The majority of patients had poor education, 19% were illiterate and 55% only have primary education. Most farmers with CKDu had been exposed more than 10 years to hazardous pesticides. The most used pesticide was Hedonal/2, 4 D (100%). 95% interviewed patients mixed different pesticides and 63% dumped empty pesticide containers in the fields. Interviewees did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (100%). Conclusions: There is high use of hazardous pesticides by patients and some of these are banned and some are legal in El Salvador, but prohibited by other countries. Interviewed CKDu patients had high exposure to toxic pesticides due to the misuse in almost all stages. There is inadequate legislation and a poor law enforcement to prevent the misuse of pesticides in El Salvador.
文摘Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El Salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El Salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El Salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.
