目的 探讨经胸廓超声心动图（TTE）联合呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）监测预防宫腔镜术中空气栓塞的价值.方法 2010年8月至2012年8月,在河南省人民医院接受全身麻醉下宫腔镜手术的患者300例,在术中行TTE联合PETCO2监测,观察并详细记录右心房...目的 探讨经胸廓超声心动图（TTE）联合呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）监测预防宫腔镜术中空气栓塞的价值.方法 2010年8月至2012年8月,在河南省人民医院接受全身麻醉下宫腔镜手术的患者300例,在术中行TTE联合PETCO2监测,观察并详细记录右心房出现气栓的时间、空气栓塞分级（0～4级）、PETCO2、血氧饱和度、血压、液体负差值、术中出血量等.对空气栓塞分级≥3级,PETCO2下降≥5 mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）的24例（干预组）患者给予立即停止手术、左侧卧位并抬高右肩、吸氧、地塞米松10 mg静脉滴注等;对空气栓塞分级≥3级,PETCO2下降＜5 mm Hg的5例（对照组）患者给予立即停止手术,严密观察病情变化.比较两组患者PETCO2继续下降例数、PETCO2恢复时间.结果 （1）空气栓塞发生情况：300例宫腔镜手术者中共有34例发生空气栓塞.发生空气栓塞的患者TTE均可在下腔静脉、右心房、右心室探及气栓信号,29例患者右心房有连续性的成群气栓通过,32例患者PETCO2下降＞2 mm Hg,14例患者血氧饱和度＜95％,4例患者血压下降≥20％.（2）PETCO2下降程度与空气栓塞分级变化：PETCO2下降程度与空气栓塞分级呈正相关（r=0.601,P＜0.01）,PET CO2下降≥5 mm Hg时,右心房均有连续性成群气栓通过,PETCO2下降≥10 mm Hg的8例中,7例患者空气栓塞分级为4级.空气栓塞分级为3级与4级者,PETCO2下降程度[分别为（7.5 ±2.4） mm Hg、（11.1±4.1）mm Hg]、液体负差值[分别为（688±150） ml、（925±268） ml]、术中出血量[分别为（71±36） ml、（127±56） ml]比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（3） PETCO2继续下降例数及恢复时间：干预组与对照组患者PETCO2继续下降分别为2、4例,PETCO2恢复时间分别为（4.8±1.6）、（8.3±1.9） min,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 TTE联合PETCO2监测能有效预测宫腔镜术中空气栓塞的发生;右�展开更多
Purpose： This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the accuracy of dead-space fraction derived from the ventilator volumetric capnography （volumetric CO2） or a prediction equation to predict the surviva...Purpose： This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the accuracy of dead-space fraction derived from the ventilator volumetric capnography （volumetric CO2） or a prediction equation to predict the survival of mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）. Methods： Consecutive VDJVT measurements were obtained based upon a prediction equation validated by Frankenfield et al for dead-space ventilation fraction： VD/VT = 0.320 ＋ 0.0106 （PaCO2-ETCO2） 4- 0.003 （RR） ＋ 0.0015 （age） in adult patients who had infection-related severe pneumonia and were confirmed as having ARDS. Here PaCO2 is the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in mmHg; ETC02, the end- tidal carbon dioxide measurement in mmHg; RR, respiratory rate per minute; and age in years. Once the patient had intubation, positive end expiratory pressure was adjusted and after Phigh reached a steady state, VD/VT was measured and recorded as the data for the first day. VD/VT measurement was repeated on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Meanwhile we collected dead-space fraction directly from the ventilator volu- metric CO2 and recorded it as Vd/Vt. We analyzed the changes in VD/VT and Vd/Vt over the f-day period to determine their accuracy in predicting the survival of ARDS patients. Results： Overall, 46 patients with ARD5 met the inclusion criteria and 24 of them died, During the first 6 days of intubation, VD/VT was significantly higher in nonsurvivors on day 4 （0.70 ± 0,01 vs 0.57 ± 0.01 ）, day 5 （0.73 ± 0.01 vs, 0.54 ± 0.01 ）, and day 6 （0.73 ±0,02 vs. 0.54 ± 0.01 ） （all p - 0.000）. Vd/Vt showed no significant difference on days 1-4 but it was much higher in nonsurvivors on day 5 （0.45 ± 0.04 vs. 0.41 ±0.06） and day 6 （0.47 ± 0,05 vs. 0.40 ± 0.03） （both p - 0.008）. VD/VT on the fourth day was more accurate to predict survival than Vd/Vt. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for VD/VT and Vd/Vt in evaluating ARDS patients survival wa展开更多
BACKGROUND:This prospective,randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate the utility of adding end-tidal capnometry(ETC)to pulse oximetry(PO)in patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA)in the emergency...BACKGROUND:This prospective,randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate the utility of adding end-tidal capnometry(ETC)to pulse oximetry(PO)in patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA)in the emergency department(ED).METHODS:The patients were randomized to monitoring with or without ETC in addition to the current standard of care.Primary endpoints included respiratory adverse events,with secondary endpoints of level of sedation,hypotension,other PSA-related adverse events and patient satisfaction.RESULTS:Of 986 patients,501 were randomized to usual care and 485 to additional ETC monitoring.In this series,48%of the patients were female,with a mean age of 46 years.Orthopedic manipulations(71%),cardioversion(12%)and abscess incision and drainage(12%)were the most common procedures,and propofol and fentanyl were the sedative/analgesic combination used for most patients.There was no difference in patients experiencing de-saturation(Sa O2<90%)between the two groups;however,patients in the ETC group were more likely to require airway repositioning(12.9%vs.9.3%,P=0.003).Hypotension(SBP<100 mm Hg or<85 mm Hg if baseline<100 mm Hg)was observed in 16(3.3%)patients in the ETC group and 7(1.4%)in the control group(P=0.048).CONCLUSIONS:The addition of ETC does not appear to change any clinically significant outcomes.We found an increased incidence of the use of airway repositioning maneuvers and hypotension in cases where ETC was used.We do not believe that ETC should be recommended as a standard of care for the monitoring of patients undergoing PSA.展开更多
BACKGROUND Monitoring ventilation accurately is an indispensable aspect of patient care in procedural settings.The current gold standard method of monitoring ventilation is by measuring exhaled carbon dioxide concentr...BACKGROUND Monitoring ventilation accurately is an indispensable aspect of patient care in procedural settings.The current gold standard method of monitoring ventilation is by measuring exhaled carbon dioxide concentration,known as capnography.A new device utilizing thermodynamic measurement,the Linshom Respiratory Monitoring Device(LRMD),has been designed to measure respiratory rate(RR)by using the temperature of exhaled breath.We hypothesized that the temperature sensor is at least equivalent in accuracy to capnography in monitoring ventilation.AIM To determine if the temperature sensor is equivalent to capnography in monitoring procedural ventilation.METHODS In this prospective study,participants were individually fitted with a face mask monitored by both LRMD and capnography.The following data were collected:gender,age,body mass index,type of procedure,and doses of medication.For each patient,we report the mean RR for each device as well as the mean difference.All analyses were performed using SAS,and a P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS Twelve consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic procedures at our institution were enrolled.Four patients were excluded due to incomplete data,inadequate data,patient cooperation,and capnography failure.Overall,we found that LRMD RR highly correlated to capnography RR(P<0.001);the average capnography RR increases by 0.66 breaths for every one additional breath measured by the LRMD.In addition,apnea rates were 7.4%for the capnography and 6.4%for the LRMD(95%confidence interval:0.92-1.10).CONCLUSION The LRMD correlated with the gold standard capnography with respect to respiratory rate detection and apnea events.The LRMD could be used as an alternative to capnography for measuring respiration in endoscopy.展开更多
Study Objective: To assess the accuracy of respiration rate measurements and the ability to detect apnea by capnometry, impedance pneumography and a new method, acoustic respiration rate monitoring, in anesthetized pa...Study Objective: To assess the accuracy of respiration rate measurements and the ability to detect apnea by capnometry, impedance pneumography and a new method, acoustic respiration rate monitoring, in anesthetized patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Endoscopy procedures laboratory. Patients: 98 patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with propofol-based anesthesia. Interventions: Patients were monitored for respiration rate with acoustic respiration rate monitoring, capnometry and impedance pneumography and values were compared to the manual counting of breaths by observation of chest wall movements. Additionally, when any respiration rate monitor indicated a cessation of breathing for 30 seconds or greater, the presumed apnea was confirmed by direct observation of the patient for absence of chest wall movements. Measurements and Main Results: Bias and precision for respiration rate measurement was 0 ± 1.0 bpm for acoustic monitoring, 4.8 ± 15.1 bpm for capnometry and 0.4 ± 5.9 bpm for impedance pneumography. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of apnea was 73% and 93% for acoustic monitoring, 73% and 12% for capnometry and 45% and 93% for impedance pneumography. Conclusions: Acoustic respiration rate monitoring was found to be accurate for assessment of respiration rate and to have similar or better sensitivity and specificity for detection of apnea compared to capnometry and impedance pneumography in the setting of upper GI endoscopy.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;font-family:Verdana;">™</span></sup><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Et Nasal Mask (Vyaire Medical, Inc., United States) is a new nasal mask with an integrated sampling hood to capture exhaled gases and enable accurate measurements of end tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The authors hypothesized that the SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA Et design would measure EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more accurately than a predicate EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sampling line, the Smart CapnoLine<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span></span></sup> Plus, Adult/Intermediate CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Oral-Nasal Set (Medtronic, United States). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A simulated patient setup enabled comparison of the accuracy of CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements within the SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA Et and a predicate device for eight condition combinations of input CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-fa展开更多
Objects: The purpose of this study was to observe a correlation between PETCO2 and PaCO2 in intubated neonates under intermittent mandatory ventilation with spontaneous breathing. Material and methods: A total of 55 p...Objects: The purpose of this study was to observe a correlation between PETCO2 and PaCO2 in intubated neonates under intermittent mandatory ventilation with spontaneous breathing. Material and methods: A total of 55 paired PETCO2 measured by mainstream capnometry and PaCO2 values were obtained from 4 intubated neonates in our neonatal intensive care units at Nagano Children’s Hospital, Nagano, Japan. Results: PETCO2 and PaCO2 were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.928, p ETCO2 and mean PETCO2 correlated strongly with PaCO2 (maximum PETCO2: r2 = 0.9401, p ETCO2: r2 = 0.8587, p 2 also correlated with minimum PETCO2 (r2 = 0.2884, p ETCO2 (p ETCO2 (p 2 and PETCO2. Conclusion: Present study showed that a good correlation exists between PETCO2 and PaCO2 in intubated neonates under intermittent mandatory ventilation with spontaneous breathing. Lightweight with low amounts of dead space mainstream capnometry can be used as noninvasive monitor in incubated neonates with spontaneous breathing.展开更多
文摘目的 探讨经胸廓超声心动图（TTE）联合呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）监测预防宫腔镜术中空气栓塞的价值.方法 2010年8月至2012年8月,在河南省人民医院接受全身麻醉下宫腔镜手术的患者300例,在术中行TTE联合PETCO2监测,观察并详细记录右心房出现气栓的时间、空气栓塞分级（0～4级）、PETCO2、血氧饱和度、血压、液体负差值、术中出血量等.对空气栓塞分级≥3级,PETCO2下降≥5 mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）的24例（干预组）患者给予立即停止手术、左侧卧位并抬高右肩、吸氧、地塞米松10 mg静脉滴注等;对空气栓塞分级≥3级,PETCO2下降＜5 mm Hg的5例（对照组）患者给予立即停止手术,严密观察病情变化.比较两组患者PETCO2继续下降例数、PETCO2恢复时间.结果 （1）空气栓塞发生情况：300例宫腔镜手术者中共有34例发生空气栓塞.发生空气栓塞的患者TTE均可在下腔静脉、右心房、右心室探及气栓信号,29例患者右心房有连续性的成群气栓通过,32例患者PETCO2下降＞2 mm Hg,14例患者血氧饱和度＜95％,4例患者血压下降≥20％.（2）PETCO2下降程度与空气栓塞分级变化：PETCO2下降程度与空气栓塞分级呈正相关（r=0.601,P＜0.01）,PET CO2下降≥5 mm Hg时,右心房均有连续性成群气栓通过,PETCO2下降≥10 mm Hg的8例中,7例患者空气栓塞分级为4级.空气栓塞分级为3级与4级者,PETCO2下降程度[分别为（7.5 ±2.4） mm Hg、（11.1±4.1）mm Hg]、液体负差值[分别为（688±150） ml、（925±268） ml]、术中出血量[分别为（71±36） ml、（127±56） ml]比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（3） PETCO2继续下降例数及恢复时间：干预组与对照组患者PETCO2继续下降分别为2、4例,PETCO2恢复时间分别为（4.8±1.6）、（8.3±1.9） min,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 TTE联合PETCO2监测能有效预测宫腔镜术中空气栓塞的发生;右�
文摘Purpose： This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the accuracy of dead-space fraction derived from the ventilator volumetric capnography （volumetric CO2） or a prediction equation to predict the survival of mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）. Methods： Consecutive VDJVT measurements were obtained based upon a prediction equation validated by Frankenfield et al for dead-space ventilation fraction： VD/VT = 0.320 ＋ 0.0106 （PaCO2-ETCO2） 4- 0.003 （RR） ＋ 0.0015 （age） in adult patients who had infection-related severe pneumonia and were confirmed as having ARDS. Here PaCO2 is the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in mmHg; ETC02, the end- tidal carbon dioxide measurement in mmHg; RR, respiratory rate per minute; and age in years. Once the patient had intubation, positive end expiratory pressure was adjusted and after Phigh reached a steady state, VD/VT was measured and recorded as the data for the first day. VD/VT measurement was repeated on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Meanwhile we collected dead-space fraction directly from the ventilator volu- metric CO2 and recorded it as Vd/Vt. We analyzed the changes in VD/VT and Vd/Vt over the f-day period to determine their accuracy in predicting the survival of ARDS patients. Results： Overall, 46 patients with ARD5 met the inclusion criteria and 24 of them died, During the first 6 days of intubation, VD/VT was significantly higher in nonsurvivors on day 4 （0.70 ± 0,01 vs 0.57 ± 0.01 ）, day 5 （0.73 ± 0.01 vs, 0.54 ± 0.01 ）, and day 6 （0.73 ±0,02 vs. 0.54 ± 0.01 ） （all p - 0.000）. Vd/Vt showed no significant difference on days 1-4 but it was much higher in nonsurvivors on day 5 （0.45 ± 0.04 vs. 0.41 ±0.06） and day 6 （0.47 ± 0,05 vs. 0.40 ± 0.03） （both p - 0.008）. VD/VT on the fourth day was more accurate to predict survival than Vd/Vt. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for VD/VT and Vd/Vt in evaluating ARDS patients survival wa
基金supported by a grant from the Capital Health Research FundHalifax+1 种基金Nova ScotiaCanada
文摘BACKGROUND:This prospective,randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate the utility of adding end-tidal capnometry(ETC)to pulse oximetry(PO)in patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA)in the emergency department(ED).METHODS:The patients were randomized to monitoring with or without ETC in addition to the current standard of care.Primary endpoints included respiratory adverse events,with secondary endpoints of level of sedation,hypotension,other PSA-related adverse events and patient satisfaction.RESULTS:Of 986 patients,501 were randomized to usual care and 485 to additional ETC monitoring.In this series,48%of the patients were female,with a mean age of 46 years.Orthopedic manipulations(71%),cardioversion(12%)and abscess incision and drainage(12%)were the most common procedures,and propofol and fentanyl were the sedative/analgesic combination used for most patients.There was no difference in patients experiencing de-saturation(Sa O2<90%)between the two groups;however,patients in the ETC group were more likely to require airway repositioning(12.9%vs.9.3%,P=0.003).Hypotension(SBP<100 mm Hg or<85 mm Hg if baseline<100 mm Hg)was observed in 16(3.3%)patients in the ETC group and 7(1.4%)in the control group(P=0.048).CONCLUSIONS:The addition of ETC does not appear to change any clinically significant outcomes.We found an increased incidence of the use of airway repositioning maneuvers and hypotension in cases where ETC was used.We do not believe that ETC should be recommended as a standard of care for the monitoring of patients undergoing PSA.
文摘BACKGROUND Monitoring ventilation accurately is an indispensable aspect of patient care in procedural settings.The current gold standard method of monitoring ventilation is by measuring exhaled carbon dioxide concentration,known as capnography.A new device utilizing thermodynamic measurement,the Linshom Respiratory Monitoring Device(LRMD),has been designed to measure respiratory rate(RR)by using the temperature of exhaled breath.We hypothesized that the temperature sensor is at least equivalent in accuracy to capnography in monitoring ventilation.AIM To determine if the temperature sensor is equivalent to capnography in monitoring procedural ventilation.METHODS In this prospective study,participants were individually fitted with a face mask monitored by both LRMD and capnography.The following data were collected:gender,age,body mass index,type of procedure,and doses of medication.For each patient,we report the mean RR for each device as well as the mean difference.All analyses were performed using SAS,and a P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS Twelve consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic procedures at our institution were enrolled.Four patients were excluded due to incomplete data,inadequate data,patient cooperation,and capnography failure.Overall,we found that LRMD RR highly correlated to capnography RR(P<0.001);the average capnography RR increases by 0.66 breaths for every one additional breath measured by the LRMD.In addition,apnea rates were 7.4%for the capnography and 6.4%for the LRMD(95%confidence interval:0.92-1.10).CONCLUSION The LRMD correlated with the gold standard capnography with respect to respiratory rate detection and apnea events.The LRMD could be used as an alternative to capnography for measuring respiration in endoscopy.
文摘Study Objective: To assess the accuracy of respiration rate measurements and the ability to detect apnea by capnometry, impedance pneumography and a new method, acoustic respiration rate monitoring, in anesthetized patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Endoscopy procedures laboratory. Patients: 98 patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with propofol-based anesthesia. Interventions: Patients were monitored for respiration rate with acoustic respiration rate monitoring, capnometry and impedance pneumography and values were compared to the manual counting of breaths by observation of chest wall movements. Additionally, when any respiration rate monitor indicated a cessation of breathing for 30 seconds or greater, the presumed apnea was confirmed by direct observation of the patient for absence of chest wall movements. Measurements and Main Results: Bias and precision for respiration rate measurement was 0 ± 1.0 bpm for acoustic monitoring, 4.8 ± 15.1 bpm for capnometry and 0.4 ± 5.9 bpm for impedance pneumography. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of apnea was 73% and 93% for acoustic monitoring, 73% and 12% for capnometry and 45% and 93% for impedance pneumography. Conclusions: Acoustic respiration rate monitoring was found to be accurate for assessment of respiration rate and to have similar or better sensitivity and specificity for detection of apnea compared to capnometry and impedance pneumography in the setting of upper GI endoscopy.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;font-family:Verdana;">™</span></sup><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Et Nasal Mask (Vyaire Medical, Inc., United States) is a new nasal mask with an integrated sampling hood to capture exhaled gases and enable accurate measurements of end tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The authors hypothesized that the SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA Et design would measure EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more accurately than a predicate EtCO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sampling line, the Smart CapnoLine<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span></span></sup> Plus, Adult/Intermediate CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Oral-Nasal Set (Medtronic, United States). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A simulated patient setup enabled comparison of the accuracy of CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements within the SuperNO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">VA Et and a predicate device for eight condition combinations of input CO</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-fa
文摘Objects: The purpose of this study was to observe a correlation between PETCO2 and PaCO2 in intubated neonates under intermittent mandatory ventilation with spontaneous breathing. Material and methods: A total of 55 paired PETCO2 measured by mainstream capnometry and PaCO2 values were obtained from 4 intubated neonates in our neonatal intensive care units at Nagano Children’s Hospital, Nagano, Japan. Results: PETCO2 and PaCO2 were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.928, p ETCO2 and mean PETCO2 correlated strongly with PaCO2 (maximum PETCO2: r2 = 0.9401, p ETCO2: r2 = 0.8587, p 2 also correlated with minimum PETCO2 (r2 = 0.2884, p ETCO2 (p ETCO2 (p 2 and PETCO2. Conclusion: Present study showed that a good correlation exists between PETCO2 and PaCO2 in intubated neonates under intermittent mandatory ventilation with spontaneous breathing. Lightweight with low amounts of dead space mainstream capnometry can be used as noninvasive monitor in incubated neonates with spontaneous breathing.
