The performances of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） risk calculator and other risk calculators for prostate cancer （PCa） prediction in Chinese populations were poorly understood. We performed this stud...The performances of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） risk calculator and other risk calculators for prostate cancer （PCa） prediction in Chinese populations were poorly understood. We performed this study to build risk calculators （Huashan risk calculators） based on Chinese population and validated the performance of prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, PCPT risk calculator, and Huashan risk calculators in a validation cohort. We built Huashan risk calculators based on data from 1059 men who underwent initial prostate biopsy from January 2006 to December 2010 in a training cohort. Then, we validated the performance of PSA, PCPT risk calculator, and Huashan risk calculators in an observational validation study from January 2011 to December 2014. All necessary clinical information were collected before the biopsy. The results showed that Huashan risk calculators 1 and 2 outperformed the PCPT risk calculator for predicting PCa in both entire training cohort and stratified population （with PSA from 2.0 ng ml^-1 to 20.0 ng ml^-1）. In the validation study, Huashan risk calculator 1 still outperformed the PCPT risk calculator in the entire validation cohort （0.849 vs 0.779 in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]） and stratified population. A considerable reduction of unnecessary biopsies （approximately 30%） was also observed when the Huashan risk calculators were used. Thus, we believe that the Huashan risk calculators （especially Huashan risk calculator 1） may have added value for predicting PCa in Chinese population. However, these results still needed further evaluation in larger populations.展开更多
Risk prediction models including the Prostate Health Index(phi)for prostate cancer have been well established and evaluated in the Western population.The aim of this study is to build phi-based risk calculators in a p...Risk prediction models including the Prostate Health Index(phi)for prostate cancer have been well established and evaluated in the Western population.The aim of this study is to build phi-based risk calculators in a prostate biopsy population and evaluate their performanee in predicting prostate cancer(PCa)and high-grade PCa(Gleason score 27)in the Chinese population.We developed risk calculators based on 635 men who underwent initial prostate biopsy.Then,we validated the performance of prostate-specific antigen(PSA),phi,and the risk calculators in an additional observational cohort of 1045 men.We observed that the phi-based risk calculators(risk calculators 2 and 4)outperformed the PSA-based risk calculator for predicting PCa and high-grade PCa in the training cohort.In the validation study,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for risk calculators 2 and 4 reached 0.91 and 0.92,respectively,for predicting PCa and high-grade PCa,respectively;the AUC values were better than those for risk calculator 1(PSA-based model with an AUC of 0.81 and 0.82,respectively)(all P<0.001).Such superiority was also observed in the stratified population with PSA ranging from 2.0 ng ml^-1 to 10.0 ng ml^-1.Decision curves confirmed that a considerable proportion of unnecessary biopsies could be avoided while applying phi-based risk calculators.In this study,we showed that,compared to risk calculators without phi,phi-based risk calculators exhibited superior discrimination and calibration for PCa in the Chinese biopsy population.Applying these risk calculators also considerably reduced the number of unnecessary biopsies for PCa.展开更多
After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first...After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.展开更多
AIM: To compare the prediction error between Barrett Toric calculator and the new online AcrySof Toric calculator which incorporated Barrett astigmatism algorithm in Chinese cataract eyes with normal axial length and ...AIM: To compare the prediction error between Barrett Toric calculator and the new online AcrySof Toric calculator which incorporated Barrett astigmatism algorithm in Chinese cataract eyes with normal axial length and anterior chamber depth(ACD). METHODS: Prospective case-control study. All the cases had axial length(21-26 mm) with ACD no less than 2.4 mm.Keratometric values were measured by LenSTAR 900. The Barrett Toric calculator was used in group 1. In group 2, SRK-T formula was used to determine the spherical power of the Toric lens, and subsequent calculation of the cylinder type was performed using the new online Alcon Toric calculator. At 1 and 3 mo after surgery, a comprehensive subjective optometry was performed. The predicted residual astigmatism calculated by the two calculators was compared with that obtained by postoperative refraction,and the difference was defined as the astigmatism correction error [error of refractive astigmatism(ERA)].The error magnitude(EM) refers to the algebraic deviation of ERA, and the error vector(EV) indicates the vector deviation of ERA. The influence of the two calculation methods on the correction accuracy of toric IOL was quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS: The |EM| obtained at 1 mo after surgery were0.21±0.12 D, 0.22±0.18 D in group 1 and group 2 respectively,and correspondingly turned to be 0.19±0.13 D, 0.20±0.19 D at3 mo after surgery, with no statistical difference(P=0.633,P=0.877). The vector analysis showed that |EV| values in two groups at 1 mo after surgery were 0.29±0.14@105(D@angle) and 0.35±0.20@113(D@angle), respectively,whereas |EV| values 3 mo after surgery were 0.27±0.16@86(D@angle) and 0.32±0.23@102(D@angle), respectively. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant(P=0.119, P=0.261). CONCLUSION: The clinical effect of Barrett Toric calculator has a much more accurate tendency than that of new online AcrySof Toric calculator, but is not evident in cases with normal axial length and normal anterior posterior ratio.展开更多
Risk calculators are widely used in many clinical fields, and integrate several important risk factors through the conversion of a risk function into a single measure of risk. Several studies have been carried out to ...Risk calculators are widely used in many clinical fields, and integrate several important risk factors through the conversion of a risk function into a single measure of risk. Several studies have been carried out to create risk calculators for the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Most of them were hospital-based, with limited sample sizes and insufficient external validation. These study groups collaborated to establish the REACH-B risk score, which incorporated five clinical variables to predict HCC risk. This risk score was then validated in international clinical cohorts. Evidence suggests that quantitative serum HBsAg level provides additional predictability of HCC, especially in patients with low levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. This novel marker was incorporated into a risk calculator and was internally validated. This tool will hopefully be externally validated in the near future. Risk calculators can be used to support clinical practice, and to establish preventive measures; several “off-label” extension usages have also been implemented. Albeit beneficial, several precautions and discussions should be noted in using the risk calculators. The future development of risk calculators for CHB patients can be extended by applying them to additional CHB-related outcomes, and by incorporating emerging risk parameters.展开更多
Background： Aspirin is widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for the past few years. However, much attention has been paid to the adverse effects associated with aspirin such a...Background： Aspirin is widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for the past few years. However, much attention has been paid to the adverse effects associated with aspirin such as gastrointestinal bleeding. How to weigh the benefits and hazards？ The current study aimed to assess the feasibility of a cardiovascular/gastrointestinal risk calculator, AsaRiskCalculator, in predicting gastrointestinal events in Chinese patients with myocardial infarction （MI）, determining unique risk factor（s） for gastrointestinal events to be considered in the calculator. Methods： The MI patients who visited Shapingba District People＇s Hospital between January 2012 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on gastroscopic data, the patients were divided into two groups： gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal groups. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were then retrieved for statistical analysis. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for gastrointestinal events. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used to assess the predictive value of AsaRiskCalculator for gastrointestinal events. Results： A total of 400 MI patients meeting the eligibility criteria were analyzed, including 94 and 306 in the gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal groups, respectively. The data showed that age, male gender, predicted gastrointestinal events, and Helicobacterpylori （HP） infection were positively correlated with gastrointestinal events. In multiple logistic regression analysis, predicted gastrointestinal events and HP infection were identified as risk factors for actual gastrointestinal events. HP infection was highly predictive in Chinese patients; the ROC curve indicated an area under the curve of 0.822 （95% confidence interval： 0.774-0.870）. The best diagnostic cutoff point of predicted gastrointestinal events was 68.0%0, yielding sensitivity and specificity of 60.6% and 93展开更多
BACKGROUND No single endoscopic feature can reliably predict the pathological nature of colorectal tumors(CRTs).AIM To establish and validate a simple online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based...BACKGROUND No single endoscopic feature can reliably predict the pathological nature of colorectal tumors(CRTs).AIM To establish and validate a simple online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light endoscopy.METHODS This was a single-center study.During the identification stage,530 consecutive patients with CRTs were enrolled from January 2015 to December 2021 as the derivation group.Logistic regression analysis was performed.A novel online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light images was established and verified internally.During the validation stage,two series of 110 images obtained using white-light endoscopy were distributed to 10 endoscopists[five highly experienced endoscopists and five less experienced endoscopists(LEEs)]for external validation before and after systematic training.RESULTS A total of 750 patients were included,with an average age of 63.6±10.4 years.Early colorectal cancer(ECRC)was detected in 351(46.8%)patients.Tumor size,left semicolon site,rectal site,acanthosis,depression and an uneven surface were independent risk factors for ECRC.The C-index of the ECRC calculator prediction model was 0.906(P=0.225,Hosmer-Lemeshow test).For the LEEs,significant improvement was made in the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy(57.6%vs 75.5%;72.3%vs 82.4%;64.2%vs 80.2%;P<0.05),respectively,after training with the ECRC online calculator prediction model.CONCLUSION A novel online calculator including tumor size,location,acanthosis,depression,and uneven surface can accurately predict the pathological nature of ECRC.展开更多
文摘The performances of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） risk calculator and other risk calculators for prostate cancer （PCa） prediction in Chinese populations were poorly understood. We performed this study to build risk calculators （Huashan risk calculators） based on Chinese population and validated the performance of prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, PCPT risk calculator, and Huashan risk calculators in a validation cohort. We built Huashan risk calculators based on data from 1059 men who underwent initial prostate biopsy from January 2006 to December 2010 in a training cohort. Then, we validated the performance of PSA, PCPT risk calculator, and Huashan risk calculators in an observational validation study from January 2011 to December 2014. All necessary clinical information were collected before the biopsy. The results showed that Huashan risk calculators 1 and 2 outperformed the PCPT risk calculator for predicting PCa in both entire training cohort and stratified population （with PSA from 2.0 ng ml^-1 to 20.0 ng ml^-1）. In the validation study, Huashan risk calculator 1 still outperformed the PCPT risk calculator in the entire validation cohort （0.849 vs 0.779 in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]） and stratified population. A considerable reduction of unnecessary biopsies （approximately 30%） was also observed when the Huashan risk calculators were used. Thus, we believe that the Huashan risk calculators （especially Huashan risk calculator 1） may have added value for predicting PCa in Chinese population. However, these results still needed further evaluation in larger populations.
文摘Risk prediction models including the Prostate Health Index(phi)for prostate cancer have been well established and evaluated in the Western population.The aim of this study is to build phi-based risk calculators in a prostate biopsy population and evaluate their performanee in predicting prostate cancer(PCa)and high-grade PCa(Gleason score 27)in the Chinese population.We developed risk calculators based on 635 men who underwent initial prostate biopsy.Then,we validated the performance of prostate-specific antigen(PSA),phi,and the risk calculators in an additional observational cohort of 1045 men.We observed that the phi-based risk calculators(risk calculators 2 and 4)outperformed the PSA-based risk calculator for predicting PCa and high-grade PCa in the training cohort.In the validation study,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for risk calculators 2 and 4 reached 0.91 and 0.92,respectively,for predicting PCa and high-grade PCa,respectively;the AUC values were better than those for risk calculator 1(PSA-based model with an AUC of 0.81 and 0.82,respectively)(all P<0.001).Such superiority was also observed in the stratified population with PSA ranging from 2.0 ng ml^-1 to 10.0 ng ml^-1.Decision curves confirmed that a considerable proportion of unnecessary biopsies could be avoided while applying phi-based risk calculators.In this study,we showed that,compared to risk calculators without phi,phi-based risk calculators exhibited superior discrimination and calibration for PCa in the Chinese biopsy population.Applying these risk calculators also considerably reduced the number of unnecessary biopsies for PCa.
文摘After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Medical University (No.2016KYZM14)
文摘AIM: To compare the prediction error between Barrett Toric calculator and the new online AcrySof Toric calculator which incorporated Barrett astigmatism algorithm in Chinese cataract eyes with normal axial length and anterior chamber depth(ACD). METHODS: Prospective case-control study. All the cases had axial length(21-26 mm) with ACD no less than 2.4 mm.Keratometric values were measured by LenSTAR 900. The Barrett Toric calculator was used in group 1. In group 2, SRK-T formula was used to determine the spherical power of the Toric lens, and subsequent calculation of the cylinder type was performed using the new online Alcon Toric calculator. At 1 and 3 mo after surgery, a comprehensive subjective optometry was performed. The predicted residual astigmatism calculated by the two calculators was compared with that obtained by postoperative refraction,and the difference was defined as the astigmatism correction error [error of refractive astigmatism(ERA)].The error magnitude(EM) refers to the algebraic deviation of ERA, and the error vector(EV) indicates the vector deviation of ERA. The influence of the two calculation methods on the correction accuracy of toric IOL was quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS: The |EM| obtained at 1 mo after surgery were0.21±0.12 D, 0.22±0.18 D in group 1 and group 2 respectively,and correspondingly turned to be 0.19±0.13 D, 0.20±0.19 D at3 mo after surgery, with no statistical difference(P=0.633,P=0.877). The vector analysis showed that |EV| values in two groups at 1 mo after surgery were 0.29±0.14@105(D@angle) and 0.35±0.20@113(D@angle), respectively,whereas |EV| values 3 mo after surgery were 0.27±0.16@86(D@angle) and 0.32±0.23@102(D@angle), respectively. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant(P=0.119, P=0.261). CONCLUSION: The clinical effect of Barrett Toric calculator has a much more accurate tendency than that of new online AcrySof Toric calculator, but is not evident in cases with normal axial length and normal anterior posterior ratio.
基金Supported by The Department of Health,Executive Yuan,Taipei,Taiwan,Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.,United StatesAcademia Sinica,Taipei,Taiwan+1 种基金the National Science Council No.NSC101-2314-B-039-029-MY3,Taipei,Taiwanthe National Health Research Institutes(NHRI-EX98-9806PI),Chunan,Taiwan
文摘Risk calculators are widely used in many clinical fields, and integrate several important risk factors through the conversion of a risk function into a single measure of risk. Several studies have been carried out to create risk calculators for the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Most of them were hospital-based, with limited sample sizes and insufficient external validation. These study groups collaborated to establish the REACH-B risk score, which incorporated five clinical variables to predict HCC risk. This risk score was then validated in international clinical cohorts. Evidence suggests that quantitative serum HBsAg level provides additional predictability of HCC, especially in patients with low levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. This novel marker was incorporated into a risk calculator and was internally validated. This tool will hopefully be externally validated in the near future. Risk calculators can be used to support clinical practice, and to establish preventive measures; several “off-label” extension usages have also been implemented. Albeit beneficial, several precautions and discussions should be noted in using the risk calculators. The future development of risk calculators for CHB patients can be extended by applying them to additional CHB-related outcomes, and by incorporating emerging risk parameters.
文摘Background： Aspirin is widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for the past few years. However, much attention has been paid to the adverse effects associated with aspirin such as gastrointestinal bleeding. How to weigh the benefits and hazards？ The current study aimed to assess the feasibility of a cardiovascular/gastrointestinal risk calculator, AsaRiskCalculator, in predicting gastrointestinal events in Chinese patients with myocardial infarction （MI）, determining unique risk factor（s） for gastrointestinal events to be considered in the calculator. Methods： The MI patients who visited Shapingba District People＇s Hospital between January 2012 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on gastroscopic data, the patients were divided into two groups： gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal groups. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were then retrieved for statistical analysis. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for gastrointestinal events. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used to assess the predictive value of AsaRiskCalculator for gastrointestinal events. Results： A total of 400 MI patients meeting the eligibility criteria were analyzed, including 94 and 306 in the gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal groups, respectively. The data showed that age, male gender, predicted gastrointestinal events, and Helicobacterpylori （HP） infection were positively correlated with gastrointestinal events. In multiple logistic regression analysis, predicted gastrointestinal events and HP infection were identified as risk factors for actual gastrointestinal events. HP infection was highly predictive in Chinese patients; the ROC curve indicated an area under the curve of 0.822 （95% confidence interval： 0.774-0.870）. The best diagnostic cutoff point of predicted gastrointestinal events was 68.0%0, yielding sensitivity and specificity of 60.6% and 93
基金Supported by Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research,No.2020-4-2085Beijing Science and Technology Plan Project,No.Z211100002921028。
文摘BACKGROUND No single endoscopic feature can reliably predict the pathological nature of colorectal tumors(CRTs).AIM To establish and validate a simple online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light endoscopy.METHODS This was a single-center study.During the identification stage,530 consecutive patients with CRTs were enrolled from January 2015 to December 2021 as the derivation group.Logistic regression analysis was performed.A novel online calculator to predict the pathological nature of CRTs based on white-light images was established and verified internally.During the validation stage,two series of 110 images obtained using white-light endoscopy were distributed to 10 endoscopists[five highly experienced endoscopists and five less experienced endoscopists(LEEs)]for external validation before and after systematic training.RESULTS A total of 750 patients were included,with an average age of 63.6±10.4 years.Early colorectal cancer(ECRC)was detected in 351(46.8%)patients.Tumor size,left semicolon site,rectal site,acanthosis,depression and an uneven surface were independent risk factors for ECRC.The C-index of the ECRC calculator prediction model was 0.906(P=0.225,Hosmer-Lemeshow test).For the LEEs,significant improvement was made in the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy(57.6%vs 75.5%;72.3%vs 82.4%;64.2%vs 80.2%;P<0.05),respectively,after training with the ECRC online calculator prediction model.CONCLUSION A novel online calculator including tumor size,location,acanthosis,depression,and uneven surface can accurately predict the pathological nature of ECRC.
