The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this p...The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. Kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended eusociality with both perception and omnipre展开更多
Why humans have large brains with higher cognitive abilities is a question long asked by scientjsts.However,much remains unknown,especially the underlying genetic mechanisms.With the use of a transgenic mon key model,...Why humans have large brains with higher cognitive abilities is a question long asked by scientjsts.However,much remains unknown,especially the underlying genetic mechanisms.With the use of a transgenic mon key model,we showed that human-specific sequenee changes of a key brain development gene(Primary microcephaly 1,MCPH7)could result in detectable molecularand cognitive changes resembling human neoteny,a no table characteristic developed during human evolution.This study was published in National Science Review(Shi et al.,2019).展开更多
Morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned images can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of rodents.From review...Morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned images can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of rodents.From reviewed and new data,we tested for convergence to extreme aridity and high elevation in the sensory and brain morphology of rodents,from morphometric data from micro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African murid(soft-furred mice,Praomyini,laminate-toothed rats,Otomyini,and gerbils,Gerbillinae)clades and one North American cricetid(deer mice and white-footed mice,Peromyscus)clade.Recent studies demon-strated convergent evolution acting on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarged in extremely arid-adapted species of Otomyini and Gerbillinae)and on endocranial volume(reduced in high elevation taxa of Otomyini and Peromyscus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of convergence in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system(turbinate bones)to high elevation.Brain structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs,between Otomyini and Gerbillinae,with extreme arid-adapted species in each clade being highly divergent(not convergent)from other species in the same clade.We observed greater“packing”of the maxillary turbinate bones,which have important respiratory functions,in Peromyscus mice from high and low elevations compared to the high-elevation African Praomyini,but more complex patterns within Peromyscus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiology and heat exchange in the nasal epithelium associated with high-elevation adaptation.展开更多
A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a s...A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, ＇rapid body movement （RBM） sleep＇, defined by intrinsically- generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although ＇paradoxical＇ arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility （RBMs） in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simu- lated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, where- as the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.展开更多
The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the e...The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the empirical brain, respectively. The rational brain and the empirical brain are from the thinking brain. This paper posits that in the evolution of political order, the main function of political order is to pacify changed social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four changed social structures (linked bands, tribe, mega empire, and modern nation, respectively) whose internal conflicts are pacified by the four political revolutions (the imaginative, hierarchical, thinking, bottom-up political revolutions, respectively) to form the four politics (the imaginative egalitarianism, decentralized hierarchical tribalism, centralized top-down thinking, and multilateral bottom-up thinking politics, respectively). In the competitive West originated from Greece and Middle East, the rule of law is the rational rule of competition among competitors, and the accountability of election is the empirical accountability of competition among competitors. In the cooperative East originated from India and China, the rule of relation is the rational rule of cooperation among kin-friends, and the accountability of professional qualification is the empirical accountability of cooperation among kin-friends. For political order, the two viable politics are competitive liberal democracy based on liberty and cooperative well-off democracy (well-off socialism) based on wellbeing. The direction of political order is middle democracy between liberal democracy and well-off democracy based on the multilateral bottom-up thinking politics.展开更多
The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development ...The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development under different social interactions. The proposed eight stages of psychosocial protective development are childhood (infancy, toddlerhood, pre-juvenile age, and juvenile age), adolescence, early young adulthood, late young adulthood, early middle adulthood, late middle adulthood, early late adulthood, and late late adulthood. The mental protection system consists of four socialities (collectivistic, individualistic, interdependent, and generativity), three worldviews (territorial, competitive, and cooperative), and the mental immune system for four regulated and unregulated countermeasures (hyperactivity, phobia, comforter, and rationality) against adversities. During childhood, dependent children have collectivistic sociality under the protection of committed parents and territorial worldview with the boundary of family. Children start with the unregulated mental immune system without delayed gratification due to mental immaturity, and gradually acquire the regulated mental immune system with delayed gratification through mental maturity. Adolescents transit to adulthood. Independent adults have the regulated metal immune system, individualistic sociality with reciprocity, and competitive-cooperative worldviews without boundary. After the age of 50, older people as elder leaders-mentors develop generativity sociality to protect next generation. The paper shows that the mental protective system as the universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology explains clearly psychosocial protective development, the human evolution, the Piaget’s cognitive development, the Erikson’s psychosocial (ego-social) development, the Confucius’ (educated person’s) six milestones of life, and parent-child relation in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) and Confucianism.展开更多
Next-generation RNA sequencing has been successfully used for identification of transcript assembly,evaluation of gene expression levels,and detection of post-transcriptional modifications.Despite these large-scale st...Next-generation RNA sequencing has been successfully used for identification of transcript assembly,evaluation of gene expression levels,and detection of post-transcriptional modifications.Despite these large-scale studies,additional comprehensive RNA-seq data from different subregions of the human brain are required to fully evaluate the evolutionary patterns experienced by the human brain transcriptome.Here,we provide a total of 6.5 billion RNA-seq reads fromdifferent subregions of the human brain.A significant correlation was observed between the levels of alternative splicing and RNA editing,which might be explained by a competition between the molecularmachineries responsible for the splicing and editing of RNA.Younghuman protein-coding genesdemonstrate biased expression to the neocortical and non-neocortical regions during evolution on the lineage leading to humans.Wealso found that a significantly greater number of young human protein-coding genes are expressed in the putamen,a tissue that was also observed to have the highest level of RNA-editing activity.The putamen,which previously received little attention,plays an important role in cognitive ability,and our data suggest a potential contribution of the putamen to human evolution.展开更多
Endocasts are important materials used for the study of human brain evolution,and allow examination of the external features of brain anatomy from the inside the cranium.Studies examining brain asymmetries in fossil h...Endocasts are important materials used for the study of human brain evolution,and allow examination of the external features of brain anatomy from the inside the cranium.Studies examining brain asymmetries in fossil hominids are usually limited to scoring of differences in hemisphere protrusion rostrally and caudally,or to comparing the width of the hemispheres.In the present study,using 3D laser scanning,we examined asymmetries of the hemisphere volumes and surface areas in the Zhoukoudain (ZKD) Homo erectus,dated to 0.4-0.8 Ma.Compared with modern endocasts,we found that the absolute hemisphere volumes and surface areas exhibited no significant asymmetries in the ZKD or in modern specimens.However,the relative hemisphere volumes against surface areas differed between the two groups.When comparing the relative sizes between the left and right hemispheres,the ZKD specimens exhibited a greater variation than in the modern humans;there were no differences in the two hemispheres in the ZKD specimens,while in the modern endocasts the left hemisphere was significantly greater than the right hemisphere.These data suggest that brain asymmetries originated from relative brain sizes rather than absolute brain volumes during human evolution.These anatomical changes are likely related to the origin of human brain lateralization.展开更多
Generation of neurons in the brains of adult birds has been studied extensively in the telencephalon of song birds and few studies are reported on the distribution of PCNA and DCX in the telencephalon of adult non-son...Generation of neurons in the brains of adult birds has been studied extensively in the telencephalon of song birds and few studies are reported on the distribution of PCNA and DCX in the telencephalon of adult non-song learning birds.We report here on adult neurogenesis throughout the brains of two breeds of adult domestic pigeons（Columba livia domestica）,the racing homer and utility carneau using endogenous immunohistochemical markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）for proliferating cells and doublecortin（DCX）for immature and migrating neurons.The distribution of PCNA and DCX immunoreactivity was very similar in both pigeon breeds with only a few minor differences.In both pigeons,PCNA and DCX immunoreactivity was observed in the olfactory bulbs,walls of the lateral ventricle,telencephalic subdivisions of the pallium and subpallium,diencephalon,mesencephalon and cerebellum.Generally,the olfactory bulbs and telencephalon had more PCNA and DCX cells than other regions.Two proliferative hotspots were evident in the dorsal and ventral poles of the lateral ventricles.PCNA-and DCX-immunoreactive cells migrated radially from the walls of the lateral ventricle into the parenchyma.In most telencephalic regions,the density of PCNA-and DCX-immunoreactive cells increased from rostral to caudal,except in the mesopallium where the density decreased from rostral to middle levels and then increased caudally.DCX immunoreactivity was more intense in fibres than in cell bodies and DCX-immunoreactive cells included small granular cells,fusiform bipolar cells,large round and or polygonal multipolar cells.The similarity in the distribution of proliferating cells and new neurons in the telencephalon of the two breeds of pigeons may suggest that adult neurogenesis is a conserved trait as an ecological adaptation irrespective of body size.展开更多
The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of politics is based on imaginary prosocial societies for large-scale cooperation at the beginning of civilization established by large-scale civilized social groups. Ac...The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of politics is based on imaginary prosocial societies for large-scale cooperation at the beginning of civilization established by large-scale civilized social groups. According to Dunbar, the size of the human brain is adapted to the manageable group size of about 150 people (Dunbar’s Number). A manageable large-scale civilized social group much more than 150 people could not exist sustainably. To enhance group survival chance under such existential group-size pressure, large-scale civilized social groups invented politics for large-scale cooperation based on imaginary prosocial societies which founded prosocial religions of ancestor worship and high gods to enforce prosociality. (In modern times, imaginary prosocial societies founded secular nationalisms with elaborate rituals, monuments, and devotions to enforce prosociality.) This imaginary prosocial society became the foundation for a large-scale social group to establish a civilized social order for large-scale cooperation. Therefore, politics is defined as a civilized social order for large-group cooperation based on a shared imaginary prosocial society to enhance group survival chance under existential group-size pressure. Under politics with civilized social order, all types of large-scale cooperation became possible. In this paper, neuropolitics as the combination of neuroscience and political science is based on the political brain derived from the social brain through imagination and rationality. It explains the evolutionary origin of politics and the political evolution. The political imagination for imaginary prosocial society is derived from theory of mind that generates an imaginary prosocial society to have its own mind in its own imaginary world. The political rationality is derived from the rational brain that generates subjective rationality to defend a political view and objective rationality to create a new political view dialectically.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been the focus of consideration for a decade,a categorized cell-based diagnostic strategy is unavailable.The personalized management and complementary/analytical-s...BACKGROUND Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been the focus of consideration for a decade,a categorized cell-based diagnostic strategy is unavailable.The personalized management and complementary/analytical-strategy of data require an alphabetic guide.Therefore,we aimed to determine the behavior of CTCs in tumor and blood in order to provide the hypothetical-based agenda in the brain neoplasms.Exploring the protein expression(PE)using a single cell-based method would clarify the heterogeneity and diversity in tumor and blood,which are key events in the evolution in brain tumors.In fact,heterogeneity,diversity,and evolution are required for cancer initiation and progression.AIM To explore CTCs in brain tumors and blood cells and to assay intensity of PE through personalized insight.METHODS The focal population included 14 patients with meningioma,and four patients with metastatic brain tumors(T).PE was assayed by immunofluorescence in tumors cells and CTCs in 18 patients with brain tumors.Ratio test was applied between the T cells and CTCs in tumor tissue and in vascular system.T/CTC ratio-based classification of PE in macrophage chemoattractant chemokine ligand 2(CCL2),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),epidermal growth factor(EGF),CD133,cyclin E,neurofilament marker,cytokeratin 19,and leukocyte common antigen(CD45)were investigated.RESULTS Total analyzed cells ranged between 10794-92283 for tumor cells and between 117-2870 for CTCs.Characteristics of histopathologic and status of an ataxiatelangiectasia mutated polymorphism(D1853N)in 18 patients affected with brain tumors were also provided.The course of evolution and metastatic event relied on the elevated protein expression in CTCs,which could be considered as a prognostic value.Diverse protein expression of the migrated cells into the blood stream and the tumor was indicative of the occurrence of evolution.Besides,the harmonic co-expression between CCL2/EGF and CCL2/VEGF could facilitate the tumor progression including the metastatic event.Expr展开更多
Populations that have recently diverged offer a powerful model for studying evolution. Ecological differences are expected to generate divergent selection on multiple traits, including neurobiological ones. Animals mu...Populations that have recently diverged offer a powerful model for studying evolution. Ecological differences are expected to generate divergent selection on multiple traits, including neurobiological ones. Animals must detect, process, and act on information from their surroundings and the form of this information can be highly dependent on the environment. We might expect different environments to generate divergent selection not only on the sensory organs, but also on the brain regions responsible for processing sensory information. Here, we test this hypothesis using recently evolved reproductively isolated species pairs of threespine stickleback fish Gasterosteus aculeatus that have well-described differences in many morphological and behavioral traits corre- lating with ecological differences. We use a state-of-the-art method, magnetic resonance imaging, to get accurate volumetric data for 2 sensory processing regions, the olfactory bulbs and optic tecta. We found a tight correlation between ecology and the size of these brain regions relative to total brain size in 2 lakes with intact species pairs. Limnetic fish, which rely heavily on vision, had relatively larger optic tecta and smaller olfactory bulbs compared with benthic fish, which utilize olfaction to a greater extent. Benthic fish also had larger total brain volumes relative to their body size compared with limnetic fish. These differences were erased in a collapsed species pair in Enos Lake where anthropogenic disturbance has led to intense hybridization. Together these data indicate that evolution of sensory processing regions can occur rapidly and independently.展开更多
文摘The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. Kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended eusociality with both perception and omnipre
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB13000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730088)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS
文摘Why humans have large brains with higher cognitive abilities is a question long asked by scientjsts.However,much remains unknown,especially the underlying genetic mechanisms.With the use of a transgenic mon key model,we showed that human-specific sequenee changes of a key brain development gene(Primary microcephaly 1,MCPH7)could result in detectable molecularand cognitive changes resembling human neoteny,a no table characteristic developed during human evolution.This study was published in National Science Review(Shi et al.,2019).
文摘Morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned images can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of rodents.From reviewed and new data,we tested for convergence to extreme aridity and high elevation in the sensory and brain morphology of rodents,from morphometric data from micro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African murid(soft-furred mice,Praomyini,laminate-toothed rats,Otomyini,and gerbils,Gerbillinae)clades and one North American cricetid(deer mice and white-footed mice,Peromyscus)clade.Recent studies demon-strated convergent evolution acting on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarged in extremely arid-adapted species of Otomyini and Gerbillinae)and on endocranial volume(reduced in high elevation taxa of Otomyini and Peromyscus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of convergence in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system(turbinate bones)to high elevation.Brain structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs,between Otomyini and Gerbillinae,with extreme arid-adapted species in each clade being highly divergent(not convergent)from other species in the same clade.We observed greater“packing”of the maxillary turbinate bones,which have important respiratory functions,in Peromyscus mice from high and low elevations compared to the high-elevation African Praomyini,but more complex patterns within Peromyscus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiology and heat exchange in the nasal epithelium associated with high-elevation adaptation.
文摘A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, ＇rapid body movement （RBM） sleep＇, defined by intrinsically- generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although ＇paradoxical＇ arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility （RBMs） in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simu- lated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, where- as the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.
文摘The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the empirical brain, respectively. The rational brain and the empirical brain are from the thinking brain. This paper posits that in the evolution of political order, the main function of political order is to pacify changed social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four changed social structures (linked bands, tribe, mega empire, and modern nation, respectively) whose internal conflicts are pacified by the four political revolutions (the imaginative, hierarchical, thinking, bottom-up political revolutions, respectively) to form the four politics (the imaginative egalitarianism, decentralized hierarchical tribalism, centralized top-down thinking, and multilateral bottom-up thinking politics, respectively). In the competitive West originated from Greece and Middle East, the rule of law is the rational rule of competition among competitors, and the accountability of election is the empirical accountability of competition among competitors. In the cooperative East originated from India and China, the rule of relation is the rational rule of cooperation among kin-friends, and the accountability of professional qualification is the empirical accountability of cooperation among kin-friends. For political order, the two viable politics are competitive liberal democracy based on liberty and cooperative well-off democracy (well-off socialism) based on wellbeing. The direction of political order is middle democracy between liberal democracy and well-off democracy based on the multilateral bottom-up thinking politics.
文摘The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology is the mental protective system whose different parts emerge and mature in the eight different stages of psychosocial protective development under different social interactions. The proposed eight stages of psychosocial protective development are childhood (infancy, toddlerhood, pre-juvenile age, and juvenile age), adolescence, early young adulthood, late young adulthood, early middle adulthood, late middle adulthood, early late adulthood, and late late adulthood. The mental protection system consists of four socialities (collectivistic, individualistic, interdependent, and generativity), three worldviews (territorial, competitive, and cooperative), and the mental immune system for four regulated and unregulated countermeasures (hyperactivity, phobia, comforter, and rationality) against adversities. During childhood, dependent children have collectivistic sociality under the protection of committed parents and territorial worldview with the boundary of family. Children start with the unregulated mental immune system without delayed gratification due to mental immaturity, and gradually acquire the regulated mental immune system with delayed gratification through mental maturity. Adolescents transit to adulthood. Independent adults have the regulated metal immune system, individualistic sociality with reciprocity, and competitive-cooperative worldviews without boundary. After the age of 50, older people as elder leaders-mentors develop generativity sociality to protect next generation. The paper shows that the mental protective system as the universal psychological mechanism for developmental psychology explains clearly psychosocial protective development, the human evolution, the Piaget’s cognitive development, the Erikson’s psychosocial (ego-social) development, the Confucius’ (educated person’s) six milestones of life, and parent-child relation in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) and Confucianism.
基金supported by grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB13000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271339,31301042).
文摘Next-generation RNA sequencing has been successfully used for identification of transcript assembly,evaluation of gene expression levels,and detection of post-transcriptional modifications.Despite these large-scale studies,additional comprehensive RNA-seq data from different subregions of the human brain are required to fully evaluate the evolutionary patterns experienced by the human brain transcriptome.Here,we provide a total of 6.5 billion RNA-seq reads fromdifferent subregions of the human brain.A significant correlation was observed between the levels of alternative splicing and RNA editing,which might be explained by a competition between the molecularmachineries responsible for the splicing and editing of RNA.Younghuman protein-coding genesdemonstrate biased expression to the neocortical and non-neocortical regions during evolution on the lineage leading to humans.Wealso found that a significantly greater number of young human protein-coding genes are expressed in the putamen,a tissue that was also observed to have the highest level of RNA-editing activity.The putamen,which previously received little attention,plays an important role in cognitive ability,and our data suggest a potential contribution of the putamen to human evolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40972017)the Knowledge Innovative Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-159 and XDA05130100)the International Cooperation Program of MST of China (2009DFB20580)
文摘Endocasts are important materials used for the study of human brain evolution,and allow examination of the external features of brain anatomy from the inside the cranium.Studies examining brain asymmetries in fossil hominids are usually limited to scoring of differences in hemisphere protrusion rostrally and caudally,or to comparing the width of the hemispheres.In the present study,using 3D laser scanning,we examined asymmetries of the hemisphere volumes and surface areas in the Zhoukoudain (ZKD) Homo erectus,dated to 0.4-0.8 Ma.Compared with modern endocasts,we found that the absolute hemisphere volumes and surface areas exhibited no significant asymmetries in the ZKD or in modern specimens.However,the relative hemisphere volumes against surface areas differed between the two groups.When comparing the relative sizes between the left and right hemispheres,the ZKD specimens exhibited a greater variation than in the modern humans;there were no differences in the two hemispheres in the ZKD specimens,while in the modern endocasts the left hemisphere was significantly greater than the right hemisphere.These data suggest that brain asymmetries originated from relative brain sizes rather than absolute brain volumes during human evolution.These anatomical changes are likely related to the origin of human brain lateralization.
基金supported by a grant from the South African National Research Foundation(NRF),No.CSUR13082730945(to AOI)
文摘Generation of neurons in the brains of adult birds has been studied extensively in the telencephalon of song birds and few studies are reported on the distribution of PCNA and DCX in the telencephalon of adult non-song learning birds.We report here on adult neurogenesis throughout the brains of two breeds of adult domestic pigeons（Columba livia domestica）,the racing homer and utility carneau using endogenous immunohistochemical markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）for proliferating cells and doublecortin（DCX）for immature and migrating neurons.The distribution of PCNA and DCX immunoreactivity was very similar in both pigeon breeds with only a few minor differences.In both pigeons,PCNA and DCX immunoreactivity was observed in the olfactory bulbs,walls of the lateral ventricle,telencephalic subdivisions of the pallium and subpallium,diencephalon,mesencephalon and cerebellum.Generally,the olfactory bulbs and telencephalon had more PCNA and DCX cells than other regions.Two proliferative hotspots were evident in the dorsal and ventral poles of the lateral ventricles.PCNA-and DCX-immunoreactive cells migrated radially from the walls of the lateral ventricle into the parenchyma.In most telencephalic regions,the density of PCNA-and DCX-immunoreactive cells increased from rostral to caudal,except in the mesopallium where the density decreased from rostral to middle levels and then increased caudally.DCX immunoreactivity was more intense in fibres than in cell bodies and DCX-immunoreactive cells included small granular cells,fusiform bipolar cells,large round and or polygonal multipolar cells.The similarity in the distribution of proliferating cells and new neurons in the telencephalon of the two breeds of pigeons may suggest that adult neurogenesis is a conserved trait as an ecological adaptation irrespective of body size.
文摘The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of politics is based on imaginary prosocial societies for large-scale cooperation at the beginning of civilization established by large-scale civilized social groups. According to Dunbar, the size of the human brain is adapted to the manageable group size of about 150 people (Dunbar’s Number). A manageable large-scale civilized social group much more than 150 people could not exist sustainably. To enhance group survival chance under such existential group-size pressure, large-scale civilized social groups invented politics for large-scale cooperation based on imaginary prosocial societies which founded prosocial religions of ancestor worship and high gods to enforce prosociality. (In modern times, imaginary prosocial societies founded secular nationalisms with elaborate rituals, monuments, and devotions to enforce prosociality.) This imaginary prosocial society became the foundation for a large-scale social group to establish a civilized social order for large-scale cooperation. Therefore, politics is defined as a civilized social order for large-group cooperation based on a shared imaginary prosocial society to enhance group survival chance under existential group-size pressure. Under politics with civilized social order, all types of large-scale cooperation became possible. In this paper, neuropolitics as the combination of neuroscience and political science is based on the political brain derived from the social brain through imagination and rationality. It explains the evolutionary origin of politics and the political evolution. The political imagination for imaginary prosocial society is derived from theory of mind that generates an imaginary prosocial society to have its own mind in its own imaginary world. The political rationality is derived from the rational brain that generates subjective rationality to defend a political view and objective rationality to create a new political view dialectically.
基金Supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Research deputy under project,No.32208-30-04-95.
文摘BACKGROUND Although circulating tumor cells(CTCs)have been the focus of consideration for a decade,a categorized cell-based diagnostic strategy is unavailable.The personalized management and complementary/analytical-strategy of data require an alphabetic guide.Therefore,we aimed to determine the behavior of CTCs in tumor and blood in order to provide the hypothetical-based agenda in the brain neoplasms.Exploring the protein expression(PE)using a single cell-based method would clarify the heterogeneity and diversity in tumor and blood,which are key events in the evolution in brain tumors.In fact,heterogeneity,diversity,and evolution are required for cancer initiation and progression.AIM To explore CTCs in brain tumors and blood cells and to assay intensity of PE through personalized insight.METHODS The focal population included 14 patients with meningioma,and four patients with metastatic brain tumors(T).PE was assayed by immunofluorescence in tumors cells and CTCs in 18 patients with brain tumors.Ratio test was applied between the T cells and CTCs in tumor tissue and in vascular system.T/CTC ratio-based classification of PE in macrophage chemoattractant chemokine ligand 2(CCL2),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),epidermal growth factor(EGF),CD133,cyclin E,neurofilament marker,cytokeratin 19,and leukocyte common antigen(CD45)were investigated.RESULTS Total analyzed cells ranged between 10794-92283 for tumor cells and between 117-2870 for CTCs.Characteristics of histopathologic and status of an ataxiatelangiectasia mutated polymorphism(D1853N)in 18 patients affected with brain tumors were also provided.The course of evolution and metastatic event relied on the elevated protein expression in CTCs,which could be considered as a prognostic value.Diverse protein expression of the migrated cells into the blood stream and the tumor was indicative of the occurrence of evolution.Besides,the harmonic co-expression between CCL2/EGF and CCL2/VEGF could facilitate the tumor progression including the metastatic event.Expr
文摘Populations that have recently diverged offer a powerful model for studying evolution. Ecological differences are expected to generate divergent selection on multiple traits, including neurobiological ones. Animals must detect, process, and act on information from their surroundings and the form of this information can be highly dependent on the environment. We might expect different environments to generate divergent selection not only on the sensory organs, but also on the brain regions responsible for processing sensory information. Here, we test this hypothesis using recently evolved reproductively isolated species pairs of threespine stickleback fish Gasterosteus aculeatus that have well-described differences in many morphological and behavioral traits corre- lating with ecological differences. We use a state-of-the-art method, magnetic resonance imaging, to get accurate volumetric data for 2 sensory processing regions, the olfactory bulbs and optic tecta. We found a tight correlation between ecology and the size of these brain regions relative to total brain size in 2 lakes with intact species pairs. Limnetic fish, which rely heavily on vision, had relatively larger optic tecta and smaller olfactory bulbs compared with benthic fish, which utilize olfaction to a greater extent. Benthic fish also had larger total brain volumes relative to their body size compared with limnetic fish. These differences were erased in a collapsed species pair in Enos Lake where anthropogenic disturbance has led to intense hybridization. Together these data indicate that evolution of sensory processing regions can occur rapidly and independently.
