Both, the dilemma to find a quantum field theory consistent with Einstein’s law of relativity and the problem to describe existing particles as bound states of matter has been solved by calculating bound state matrix...Both, the dilemma to find a quantum field theory consistent with Einstein’s law of relativity and the problem to describe existing particles as bound states of matter has been solved by calculating bound state matrix elements from a dual fermion-boson Lagrangian. In this formalism, the fermion binding energies are compensated by boson energies, indicating that particles can be generated out of the vacuum. This yields quantitative solutions for various mesons ω (0.78 GeV) - Υ (9.46 GeV) and all leptons e, μ and τ, with uncertainties in the extracted properties of less than 1‰. For transparency, a Web-page with the address htpps://h2909473.stratoserver.net has been constructed, where all calculations can be run on line and also the underlying fortran source code can be inspected.展开更多
The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons,...The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.展开更多
Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary partic...Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.展开更多
The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe...The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides dif展开更多
To explain the anomaly (τ<sub>b</sub> ≠ τ<sub>f</sub>) of the neutron lifetime τ in some experiments, in “bottle” τ<sub>b</sub> and in “beam” τ<sub>f</sub>, we...To explain the anomaly (τ<sub>b</sub> ≠ τ<sub>f</sub>) of the neutron lifetime τ in some experiments, in “bottle” τ<sub>b</sub> and in “beam” τ<sub>f</sub>, we resort to an anomalous form of the neutron n<sub>a</sub>. This form belongs to one of two different states of the structure of the quark configurations making up the neutron (nucleon): first, an ordinary form Ψ<sub>o</sub>, while the second is an “anomalous” form Ψ<sub>a</sub>, difficult to detect and decay. If the ordinary configuration is present in everyone nuclear processes, to strong and weak interactions, and in diffusion processes, the anomalous form can emerge, in casual way and probabilistic, in some processes of fusion with production of neutrons and can be highlighted in some experiments as those in “bottle” and in “beam”, see the anomaly of the neutron lifetime. We show that the anomalous form Ψ<sub>a</sub> can be highlighted in the coupling between a dipoles’ lattice of virtual bosons W and the neutron (nucleon) because the neutron into anomalous configuration does not decays. Finally, we interpret the anomalous neutron as a “dark” neutron, presenting, so, the dark matter as an anomalous form of hadron matter.展开更多
As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and its anti-quark <img src="Edit_b5291e23-3f94-4fd9-bca2-1829927c38c9.png" wid...As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and its anti-quark <img src="Edit_b5291e23-3f94-4fd9-bca2-1829927c38c9.png" width="75" height="17" alt="" /> are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then <i>CP</i> is violated in the doublet of <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This <i>CP</i> violation is explained by a <i>SU</i>(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both <i>CPT</i> transformation and the <i>SU</i>(2)<sub>L</sub>×<i>U</i>(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein’s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and its anti-particle <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.展开更多
One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle...One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.展开更多
A summary of the homogeneous 5D universe model is expressed in the Dirac second-order quantized representation for the magnetic monopoles, identified in terms of the Higgs Bosons, and through systematic ordered excita...A summary of the homogeneous 5D universe model is expressed in the Dirac second-order quantized representation for the magnetic monopoles, identified in terms of the Higgs Bosons, and through systematic ordered excitations of the Higgs vacuum obtained the non-homogeneous 4D Lorentz manifolds filled with masses, corresponding to making space dimension reduction projections, and thus realization of Newtonian gravity, followed by the 3D space symmetry breaking into 2D × 1D that produces the Perelmann-entropy and Ricci-Flow mappings, resulting in the realization of Poincare spheres, represented by nucleus such as Carbon 12, all the way to stars, and matter filled discs, such as stars in galaxies and 2D carbon-based molecular structures like nitrogenous bases. Finally, the forming of RNAs and DNAs, then life forms.展开更多
In the parameter space allowed by the electroweak precision measurement data, we consider the contributions of the new particles predicted by the littlest Higga model to the Higgs hoson associated production with top ...In the parameter space allowed by the electroweak precision measurement data, we consider the contributions of the new particles predicted by the littlest Higga model to the Higgs hoson associated production with top quark pair in the future high energy linear e^＋e^- collider （ILU）. We find that the contributions mainly come from the new gauge bosons ZH and BH. For reasonable values of the free parameters, the absolute value of the relative correction parameter δσ/σ^SM can be signiticanly large, which might be observed in the future ILU experiment with √S = 800 GeV.展开更多
In this paper, we briefly go over the homogeneous 5D model field theory: from the 5D space-time inception, to its quantum field solutions given in terms of Higgs vacuum, filled with magnetic monopole bose fields of al...In this paper, we briefly go over the homogeneous 5D model field theory: from the 5D space-time inception, to its quantum field solutions given in terms of Higgs vacuum, filled with magnetic monopole bose fields of all energies. Then through the space dimension reduction projections, the Gell-Mann standard model was obtained as well as a quantum to Classical connection was made via introducing Bose distribution to the monopoles to obtain the Perelman entropy and Ricci Flow mappings. This provided us a picture to the creation of Astronomical objects, from galaxies to stars and planets. This method of splitting the monopole energy into ranges is extended to show that below the basic rest mass range of the electron and Quark, it still can be applied to explaining for the creation of the chemical elements periodic table. But perhaps the most interesting is in the lowest hundreds of Hz energy range, obtained from yet another 3 fold space symmetry breaking, into 2D × 1D, producing bio nitrogenous bases composed of 3 Carbon 12 in hexagon structures, due to preservation of the 1D monopole standing waves of this low frequencies. From that by imposing gauge changes the monopole states into DNA spectra. Since such spectra states retain the DLRO, it induces formation of charge carriers periodicity in a spherical bio cell.. It was then argued that due to cell’s surface proteins, the structure must contain partial filled VB, with “p” state hole density, and empty CB, separated from VB by a positive band gap. Such band structures resemble known HTC Cuprate ceramics. Since the HTC goes through a Superconductivity transition via the simultaneous bose exciton condensation, providing a Coulomb pressure, which reduces the band gap substantially, and induces the ODLRO transition of the hole density. The same obviously applies to the bio cells. Because of the near continuous exciton levels generated, a matching to the DNA spectra then can always occur by selective choices of proteins on the cell surface. Judging from a numerica展开更多
The left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model predicts the existence of the neutral Higgs bosons （h, φ0）, which can be produced in pairs （φ0φ0, hh, φ0h） via γγ collisions at the next generation e＋eInternational ...The left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model predicts the existence of the neutral Higgs bosons （h, φ0）, which can be produced in pairs （φ0φ0, hh, φ0h） via γγ collisions at the next generation e＋eInternational Linear Collider （ILC）. Our numerical results show that the production cross section of the neutral Higgs boson pair φ0φ0 can reach 8.8 fb. The subprocess γγ → φ0φ0 might be used to test the LRTH model in future ILC experiments.展开更多
The famous paradoxes of quantum mechanics are created by the fact that elementary particles exist as the alternation between two structural states with different properties. This leads to probabilistic behavior, uncer...The famous paradoxes of quantum mechanics are created by the fact that elementary particles exist as the alternation between two structural states with different properties. This leads to probabilistic behavior, uncertainty principle, quantum tunneling, etc. The alternation of states plays the role of the frequency generator or clock. But for the objective character of quantum interactions the length standard also should exist in nature. Such analog of the rule must be physically real and in direct sense have to participate in the of particles interactions. Just this is the main role of physical vacuum. For such role vacuum should have quasi-crystalline geometry structure. Its symmetry requires in standard views only one fundamental change. In the quasicrystalline structure of the vacuum, the virtual shells of the real particles and atomic nuclei are not diffuse “clouds”, as is assumed today. Virtual environments are clearly structured and rigidly quantised shells with the geometric structure similar to fullerenes. Such shells are forming for greater than 99% of the known substance mass. Virtual particles forming such shells belong to the group of bosons and probably are just Higgs bosons existing in the ordinary matter. Chemical fullerenes form a series of discrete geometric structures. In a similar manner virtual analogues of fullerenes form a series of discrete masses, which really exist in the nature as a set of elementary particles and atomic nuclei masses.展开更多
The exclusive decay of the Higgs boson to a vector meson （J/φ or γ（1S）） and Z boson is studied in this work. The decay amplitudes are separated into two parts in a gauge invariant manner. The first part comes fr...The exclusive decay of the Higgs boson to a vector meson （J/φ or γ（1S）） and Z boson is studied in this work. The decay amplitudes are separated into two parts in a gauge invariant manner. The first part comes from the direct coupling of the Higgs boson to the charm （bottom） quark and the other from the HZZ＊ or the loop-induced HZγ＊ vertexes in the standard model. While the branching ratios from the direct channel are much smaller than those of the indirect channel, their interference terms give nontrivial contributions. We further calculate the QCD radiative corrections to both channels, which reduce the total branching ratios by around 20% for both J/φ and γ（1S） production. Our results provide a possible chance to check the SM predictions of the Hcc（Hbb） coupling and to seek for hints of new physics at the High Luminosity LHC or future hadron colliders.展开更多
A century old methodology for deriving statistical distribution using approximate Stirling’s formulation of the factorial becomes questionable. By avoiding the use of exaggerated approximations, a new picture of the ...A century old methodology for deriving statistical distribution using approximate Stirling’s formulation of the factorial becomes questionable. By avoiding the use of exaggerated approximations, a new picture of the energy distribution of fermions and bosons are presented. Energy distribution among fermions (or bosons) in systems with finite degeneracy are found to be degeneracy dependent. The presented point of view explains, successfully, presence of degeneracy pressure in ultra-cooled Fermi gas and predicts the minimum accessible temperature for finite degeneracy fermions system.展开更多
The empirical rule for calculation of electric charges of the elementary particles is offered. The given rule contains two parameters: full number of colors Nc of which color of the given particle is formed and a colo...The empirical rule for calculation of electric charges of the elementary particles is offered. The given rule contains two parameters: full number of colors Nc of which color of the given particle is formed and a color index L - number of colors which the given particle possesses. The offered rule allows calculating electric charges of all elementary particles - leptons, quarks and intermediate vector bosons.展开更多
A new era in particle physics is being spurred on by new data from the Large Hadron Collider. Non-vanishing neutrino masses represent firm observational evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. An extension ...A new era in particle physics is being spurred on by new data from the Large Hadron Collider. Non-vanishing neutrino masses represent firm observational evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. An extension of the latter, based on a SU(3)C × SU(2)L × U(1)Y × U(1)B-L symmetry, incorporating an established Baryon minus Lepton number invariance, is proposed as a viable and testable solution to the neutrino mass problem. We argue that LHC data will probe all the new content of this model: heavy neutrinos, an extra gauge boson emerging from spontaneous breaking of the additional gauge group at the TeV scale, onset by a new heavier Higgs boson, also visible at the CERN proton-proton collider. An even more exciting version of this model is the one exploiting Supersymmetry: firstly, it incurporates all its well-known benefits;secondly, it alleviates the flaws of its more minimal realisations. Finally, this model provides a credible cold Dark Matter candidate, the lightest sneutrino, detectable in both underground and collider experiments.展开更多
This paper proposes that all Bosons and all Fermions originate from even more elementary constituents, which called Spin Angular Momentum Vacuum (SAMV). SAMV is filled with Primitive Spin Particles (PSP). The total sq...This paper proposes that all Bosons and all Fermions originate from even more elementary constituents, which called Spin Angular Momentum Vacuum (SAMV). SAMV is filled with Primitive Spin Particles (PSP). The total square spin angular momentum of each PSP is negative, less than zero. Those PSP labeled by index ?of Casimir Operator, are called Vacuum Spin Particle (VSP), which could be contracted into so-called Vacuum Bubbles (VB). VB are identical bubbles, are 'sub-observable physical quantities'. VB are paired up into Vacuum Bubble Pair VBP. VSP ωj(or ω+,ω-) results from Self-identical vacuum bubble interaction ?through the zero order Phase Transition PT. When the 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... order PT of VBP occur, ?then VBP turn into Bosons and Fermions, excited out of sea level of SAMV ocean.展开更多
In relativistic quantum theories interactions are mediated by force particles called elementary vector bosons: Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) predicts the photon to be the carrier of the electromagnetic force;Quantum F...In relativistic quantum theories interactions are mediated by force particles called elementary vector bosons: Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) predicts the photon to be the carrier of the electromagnetic force;Quantum Flavordynamics (QFD), also called electroweak theory, predicts the Ws and Z0 as the carriers of the weak force;and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts gluons and mesons as the carriers of the strong force. All these particles are also called exchange or virtual particles. According to these theories the virtual particle appears spontaneously near one particle and disappears near the other. Even though it has consistently been claimed that experimental detection of these particles is a confirmation of each of these theories, we are, however, of the view that one cannot detect a particle that appears and disappears within a “black box”. In this paper we discuss the geometrical theory of weak and strong nuclear interactions.展开更多
The stability condition of the Landau Fermi liquid theory may be broken when the interaction between particles is strong enough. In this case, the ground state is reconstructed to have a particle distribution differen...The stability condition of the Landau Fermi liquid theory may be broken when the interaction between particles is strong enough. In this case, the ground state is reconstructed to have a particle distribution different from the Fermi-step function. For specific instances, one case with the vector boson exchange and another with the relativistic heavy-ion collision are taken into consideration. With the vector boson exchange, we find that the relative weak interaction strength can lead to the ground-state rearrangement as long as the fermion mass is large enough. It is found that the relativistic heavy-ion collision may also cause the ground-state rearrangement, affecting the statistics of the collision system.展开更多
During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field...During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field” [1]. Starting from this premise, we show spacetime, indeed, manifests stable pulses (n-valued gravitons) that decay into the vacuum energy to generate all three boson masses (including Higgs), as well as heavy-quark mass;and all in precise agreement with the 2010 CODATA report on fundamental constants. Furthermore, our relativized quantum physics approach (RQP) answers to the mystery surrounding dark energy, dark matter, accelerated spacetime, and why ordinary matter dominates over antimatter.展开更多
文摘Both, the dilemma to find a quantum field theory consistent with Einstein’s law of relativity and the problem to describe existing particles as bound states of matter has been solved by calculating bound state matrix elements from a dual fermion-boson Lagrangian. In this formalism, the fermion binding energies are compensated by boson energies, indicating that particles can be generated out of the vacuum. This yields quantitative solutions for various mesons ω (0.78 GeV) - Υ (9.46 GeV) and all leptons e, μ and τ, with uncertainties in the extracted properties of less than 1‰. For transparency, a Web-page with the address htpps://h2909473.stratoserver.net has been constructed, where all calculations can be run on line and also the underlying fortran source code can be inspected.
文摘The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.
文摘Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.
文摘The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides dif
文摘To explain the anomaly (τ<sub>b</sub> ≠ τ<sub>f</sub>) of the neutron lifetime τ in some experiments, in “bottle” τ<sub>b</sub> and in “beam” τ<sub>f</sub>, we resort to an anomalous form of the neutron n<sub>a</sub>. This form belongs to one of two different states of the structure of the quark configurations making up the neutron (nucleon): first, an ordinary form Ψ<sub>o</sub>, while the second is an “anomalous” form Ψ<sub>a</sub>, difficult to detect and decay. If the ordinary configuration is present in everyone nuclear processes, to strong and weak interactions, and in diffusion processes, the anomalous form can emerge, in casual way and probabilistic, in some processes of fusion with production of neutrons and can be highlighted in some experiments as those in “bottle” and in “beam”, see the anomaly of the neutron lifetime. We show that the anomalous form Ψ<sub>a</sub> can be highlighted in the coupling between a dipoles’ lattice of virtual bosons W and the neutron (nucleon) because the neutron into anomalous configuration does not decays. Finally, we interpret the anomalous neutron as a “dark” neutron, presenting, so, the dark matter as an anomalous form of hadron matter.
文摘As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and its anti-quark <img src="Edit_b5291e23-3f94-4fd9-bca2-1829927c38c9.png" width="75" height="17" alt="" /> are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then <i>CP</i> is violated in the doublet of <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This <i>CP</i> violation is explained by a <i>SU</i>(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both <i>CPT</i> transformation and the <i>SU</i>(2)<sub>L</sub>×<i>U</i>(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein’s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub> and its anti-particle <i>u</i><sub>∞</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;"><i>CP</i></sup> are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.
文摘One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.
文摘A summary of the homogeneous 5D universe model is expressed in the Dirac second-order quantized representation for the magnetic monopoles, identified in terms of the Higgs Bosons, and through systematic ordered excitations of the Higgs vacuum obtained the non-homogeneous 4D Lorentz manifolds filled with masses, corresponding to making space dimension reduction projections, and thus realization of Newtonian gravity, followed by the 3D space symmetry breaking into 2D × 1D that produces the Perelmann-entropy and Ricci-Flow mappings, resulting in the realization of Poincare spheres, represented by nucleus such as Carbon 12, all the way to stars, and matter filled discs, such as stars in galaxies and 2D carbon-based molecular structures like nitrogenous bases. Finally, the forming of RNAs and DNAs, then life forms.
基金The project supported in part by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities under Grant No, NCET-04-0290, Nations/Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 90203005 and 1047S037, and the Natural Science Foundation of Lisoning Science Committee under Grant No. 20032101
文摘In the parameter space allowed by the electroweak precision measurement data, we consider the contributions of the new particles predicted by the littlest Higga model to the Higgs hoson associated production with top quark pair in the future high energy linear e^＋e^- collider （ILU）. We find that the contributions mainly come from the new gauge bosons ZH and BH. For reasonable values of the free parameters, the absolute value of the relative correction parameter δσ/σ^SM can be signiticanly large, which might be observed in the future ILU experiment with √S = 800 GeV.
文摘In this paper, we briefly go over the homogeneous 5D model field theory: from the 5D space-time inception, to its quantum field solutions given in terms of Higgs vacuum, filled with magnetic monopole bose fields of all energies. Then through the space dimension reduction projections, the Gell-Mann standard model was obtained as well as a quantum to Classical connection was made via introducing Bose distribution to the monopoles to obtain the Perelman entropy and Ricci Flow mappings. This provided us a picture to the creation of Astronomical objects, from galaxies to stars and planets. This method of splitting the monopole energy into ranges is extended to show that below the basic rest mass range of the electron and Quark, it still can be applied to explaining for the creation of the chemical elements periodic table. But perhaps the most interesting is in the lowest hundreds of Hz energy range, obtained from yet another 3 fold space symmetry breaking, into 2D × 1D, producing bio nitrogenous bases composed of 3 Carbon 12 in hexagon structures, due to preservation of the 1D monopole standing waves of this low frequencies. From that by imposing gauge changes the monopole states into DNA spectra. Since such spectra states retain the DLRO, it induces formation of charge carriers periodicity in a spherical bio cell.. It was then argued that due to cell’s surface proteins, the structure must contain partial filled VB, with “p” state hole density, and empty CB, separated from VB by a positive band gap. Such band structures resemble known HTC Cuprate ceramics. Since the HTC goes through a Superconductivity transition via the simultaneous bose exciton condensation, providing a Coulomb pressure, which reduces the band gap substantially, and induces the ODLRO transition of the hole density. The same obviously applies to the bio cells. Because of the near continuous exciton levels generated, a matching to the DNA spectra then can always occur by selective choices of proteins on the cell surface. Judging from a numerica
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10975067)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (SRFDP) (200801650002)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Scientific Committee (20082148)Foundation of Liaoning Educational Committee (2007T086)
文摘The left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model predicts the existence of the neutral Higgs bosons （h, φ0）, which can be produced in pairs （φ0φ0, hh, φ0h） via γγ collisions at the next generation e＋eInternational Linear Collider （ILC）. Our numerical results show that the production cross section of the neutral Higgs boson pair φ0φ0 can reach 8.8 fb. The subprocess γγ → φ0φ0 might be used to test the LRTH model in future ILC experiments.
文摘The famous paradoxes of quantum mechanics are created by the fact that elementary particles exist as the alternation between two structural states with different properties. This leads to probabilistic behavior, uncertainty principle, quantum tunneling, etc. The alternation of states plays the role of the frequency generator or clock. But for the objective character of quantum interactions the length standard also should exist in nature. Such analog of the rule must be physically real and in direct sense have to participate in the of particles interactions. Just this is the main role of physical vacuum. For such role vacuum should have quasi-crystalline geometry structure. Its symmetry requires in standard views only one fundamental change. In the quasicrystalline structure of the vacuum, the virtual shells of the real particles and atomic nuclei are not diffuse “clouds”, as is assumed today. Virtual environments are clearly structured and rigidly quantised shells with the geometric structure similar to fullerenes. Such shells are forming for greater than 99% of the known substance mass. Virtual particles forming such shells belong to the group of bosons and probably are just Higgs bosons existing in the ordinary matter. Chemical fullerenes form a series of discrete geometric structures. In a similar manner virtual analogues of fullerenes form a series of discrete masses, which really exist in the nature as a set of elementary particles and atomic nuclei masses.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11375168)
文摘The exclusive decay of the Higgs boson to a vector meson （J/φ or γ（1S）） and Z boson is studied in this work. The decay amplitudes are separated into two parts in a gauge invariant manner. The first part comes from the direct coupling of the Higgs boson to the charm （bottom） quark and the other from the HZZ＊ or the loop-induced HZγ＊ vertexes in the standard model. While the branching ratios from the direct channel are much smaller than those of the indirect channel, their interference terms give nontrivial contributions. We further calculate the QCD radiative corrections to both channels, which reduce the total branching ratios by around 20% for both J/φ and γ（1S） production. Our results provide a possible chance to check the SM predictions of the Hcc（Hbb） coupling and to seek for hints of new physics at the High Luminosity LHC or future hadron colliders.
文摘A century old methodology for deriving statistical distribution using approximate Stirling’s formulation of the factorial becomes questionable. By avoiding the use of exaggerated approximations, a new picture of the energy distribution of fermions and bosons are presented. Energy distribution among fermions (or bosons) in systems with finite degeneracy are found to be degeneracy dependent. The presented point of view explains, successfully, presence of degeneracy pressure in ultra-cooled Fermi gas and predicts the minimum accessible temperature for finite degeneracy fermions system.
文摘The empirical rule for calculation of electric charges of the elementary particles is offered. The given rule contains two parameters: full number of colors Nc of which color of the given particle is formed and a color index L - number of colors which the given particle possesses. The offered rule allows calculating electric charges of all elementary particles - leptons, quarks and intermediate vector bosons.
文摘A new era in particle physics is being spurred on by new data from the Large Hadron Collider. Non-vanishing neutrino masses represent firm observational evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. An extension of the latter, based on a SU(3)C × SU(2)L × U(1)Y × U(1)B-L symmetry, incorporating an established Baryon minus Lepton number invariance, is proposed as a viable and testable solution to the neutrino mass problem. We argue that LHC data will probe all the new content of this model: heavy neutrinos, an extra gauge boson emerging from spontaneous breaking of the additional gauge group at the TeV scale, onset by a new heavier Higgs boson, also visible at the CERN proton-proton collider. An even more exciting version of this model is the one exploiting Supersymmetry: firstly, it incurporates all its well-known benefits;secondly, it alleviates the flaws of its more minimal realisations. Finally, this model provides a credible cold Dark Matter candidate, the lightest sneutrino, detectable in both underground and collider experiments.
文摘This paper proposes that all Bosons and all Fermions originate from even more elementary constituents, which called Spin Angular Momentum Vacuum (SAMV). SAMV is filled with Primitive Spin Particles (PSP). The total square spin angular momentum of each PSP is negative, less than zero. Those PSP labeled by index ?of Casimir Operator, are called Vacuum Spin Particle (VSP), which could be contracted into so-called Vacuum Bubbles (VB). VB are identical bubbles, are 'sub-observable physical quantities'. VB are paired up into Vacuum Bubble Pair VBP. VSP ωj(or ω+,ω-) results from Self-identical vacuum bubble interaction ?through the zero order Phase Transition PT. When the 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... order PT of VBP occur, ?then VBP turn into Bosons and Fermions, excited out of sea level of SAMV ocean.
文摘In relativistic quantum theories interactions are mediated by force particles called elementary vector bosons: Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) predicts the photon to be the carrier of the electromagnetic force;Quantum Flavordynamics (QFD), also called electroweak theory, predicts the Ws and Z0 as the carriers of the weak force;and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts gluons and mesons as the carriers of the strong force. All these particles are also called exchange or virtual particles. According to these theories the virtual particle appears spontaneously near one particle and disappears near the other. Even though it has consistently been claimed that experimental detection of these particles is a confirmation of each of these theories, we are, however, of the view that one cannot detect a particle that appears and disappears within a “black box”. In this paper we discuss the geometrical theory of weak and strong nuclear interactions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(10975033,11275048)China Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(BK20131286)
文摘The stability condition of the Landau Fermi liquid theory may be broken when the interaction between particles is strong enough. In this case, the ground state is reconstructed to have a particle distribution different from the Fermi-step function. For specific instances, one case with the vector boson exchange and another with the relativistic heavy-ion collision are taken into consideration. With the vector boson exchange, we find that the relative weak interaction strength can lead to the ground-state rearrangement as long as the fermion mass is large enough. It is found that the relativistic heavy-ion collision may also cause the ground-state rearrangement, affecting the statistics of the collision system.
文摘During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field” [1]. Starting from this premise, we show spacetime, indeed, manifests stable pulses (n-valued gravitons) that decay into the vacuum energy to generate all three boson masses (including Higgs), as well as heavy-quark mass;and all in precise agreement with the 2010 CODATA report on fundamental constants. Furthermore, our relativized quantum physics approach (RQP) answers to the mystery surrounding dark energy, dark matter, accelerated spacetime, and why ordinary matter dominates over antimatter.
