Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) represents the fifth most common cancer in the world,and the third most frequent oncological cause of death.The incidence of HCC is on the increase.HCC typically develops in patients with...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) represents the fifth most common cancer in the world,and the third most frequent oncological cause of death.The incidence of HCC is on the increase.HCC typically develops in patients with chronic liver diseases,and cirrhosis,usually with viral etiology,is the strongest predisposing factor.Nowadays HCC diagnosis is a multistage process including clinical,laboratory,imaging and pathological examinations.The prognosis of HCC is mostly poor,because of detection at an advanced,non-resectable stage.Potentially curative treatment(surgery) is limited and really possible only for cases with small HCC malignancies.For this reason,more effective surveillance strategies should be used to screen for early occurrence of HCC targeted to the population at risk.So far,the generally accepted serological marker is α-fetoprotein(AFP).Its diagnostic accuracy is unsatisfactory and questionable because of low sensitivity,therefore there is a strong demand by clinicians for new HCC-specific biomarkers.In this review,we will focus on other biomarkers that seem to improve HCC diagnosis,such as AFP-L3,des-γ-carboxyprothrombin,α-l-fucosidase,,γ-glutamyl transferase,glypican-3,squamous cell carcinoma antigen,a new generation of immunoglobulin M-immunocomplexes,and very promising geneexpression profiling.展开更多
HIV estimation has become a standard tool for understanding the epidemic. Although the majority of India’s population lives in rural areas, to date, an exploration of the urban and rural HIV epidemic has not been und...HIV estimation has become a standard tool for understanding the epidemic. Although the majority of India’s population lives in rural areas, to date, an exploration of the urban and rural HIV epidemic has not been undertaken. The objective of this study is to develop HIV estimation based on urban and rural adult populations in selected states of India to understand the difference in HIV related indices geographically. Ten states were selected based on HIV prevalence levels-Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, and Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Odisha and Jharkhand. Spectrum, version 4.53 beta 19, was used. Data files of Indian national estimation, 2010-11 which included population, HIV Sentinel Surveillance, Integrated Bio Behavioral Assessment and program coverage data, were used and alterations made wherever necessary. The urban and rural sub epidemic structures and their subpopulations were separately configured in the Estimation projection package and curve fitting done. Outputs for each state were separately analyzed. Findings show that HIV prevalence is lower in urban than rural areas in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra;in Karnataka there is no difference in HIV prevalence in the urban and rural populations;and in the remaining seven states urban HIV prevalence is higher as compared to rural HIV prevalence. In the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Odisha and Punjab, the number of people living with HIV, new HIV infections and deaths among people living with HIV is higher in the rural than in the urban population. An early and lower peak in HIV prevalence and incidence in the urban population was seen in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Naga-land, while in Maharashtra the rural peak was earlier and higher. Mizoram shows an earlier and lower peak in the rural population while Manipur shows an earlier and higher urban peak. In Odisha, the epidemic peaked earlier and was lower in the rural than the urban population. HIV prevalence in the urban population in Punjab was st展开更多
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) represents the fifth most common cancer in the world,and the third most frequent oncological cause of death.The incidence of HCC is on the increase.HCC typically develops in patients with chronic liver diseases,and cirrhosis,usually with viral etiology,is the strongest predisposing factor.Nowadays HCC diagnosis is a multistage process including clinical,laboratory,imaging and pathological examinations.The prognosis of HCC is mostly poor,because of detection at an advanced,non-resectable stage.Potentially curative treatment(surgery) is limited and really possible only for cases with small HCC malignancies.For this reason,more effective surveillance strategies should be used to screen for early occurrence of HCC targeted to the population at risk.So far,the generally accepted serological marker is α-fetoprotein(AFP).Its diagnostic accuracy is unsatisfactory and questionable because of low sensitivity,therefore there is a strong demand by clinicians for new HCC-specific biomarkers.In this review,we will focus on other biomarkers that seem to improve HCC diagnosis,such as AFP-L3,des-γ-carboxyprothrombin,α-l-fucosidase,,γ-glutamyl transferase,glypican-3,squamous cell carcinoma antigen,a new generation of immunoglobulin M-immunocomplexes,and very promising geneexpression profiling.
文摘HIV estimation has become a standard tool for understanding the epidemic. Although the majority of India’s population lives in rural areas, to date, an exploration of the urban and rural HIV epidemic has not been undertaken. The objective of this study is to develop HIV estimation based on urban and rural adult populations in selected states of India to understand the difference in HIV related indices geographically. Ten states were selected based on HIV prevalence levels-Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, and Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Odisha and Jharkhand. Spectrum, version 4.53 beta 19, was used. Data files of Indian national estimation, 2010-11 which included population, HIV Sentinel Surveillance, Integrated Bio Behavioral Assessment and program coverage data, were used and alterations made wherever necessary. The urban and rural sub epidemic structures and their subpopulations were separately configured in the Estimation projection package and curve fitting done. Outputs for each state were separately analyzed. Findings show that HIV prevalence is lower in urban than rural areas in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra;in Karnataka there is no difference in HIV prevalence in the urban and rural populations;and in the remaining seven states urban HIV prevalence is higher as compared to rural HIV prevalence. In the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Odisha and Punjab, the number of people living with HIV, new HIV infections and deaths among people living with HIV is higher in the rural than in the urban population. An early and lower peak in HIV prevalence and incidence in the urban population was seen in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Naga-land, while in Maharashtra the rural peak was earlier and higher. Mizoram shows an earlier and lower peak in the rural population while Manipur shows an earlier and higher urban peak. In Odisha, the epidemic peaked earlier and was lower in the rural than the urban population. HIV prevalence in the urban population in Punjab was st
