背景:再生性牙髓治疗具有生物相容性好、牙根发育完善、牙髓活力保存率高等优点,其血管再生过程中需要借助支架以维持干细胞的生存和血管再生。目的:分析不同生物活性支架应用于年轻恒牙再生性牙髓治疗的效果。方法:选择2016年6月至2018...背景:再生性牙髓治疗具有生物相容性好、牙根发育完善、牙髓活力保存率高等优点,其血管再生过程中需要借助支架以维持干细胞的生存和血管再生。目的:分析不同生物活性支架应用于年轻恒牙再生性牙髓治疗的效果。方法:选择2016年6月至2018年6月河北医科大学第二医院收治的急性牙髓炎患者160例(患牙168颗),年龄8-16岁,按病因分为外伤组(n=92)和龋齿组(n=76),每组内分别使用4种支架进行再生性牙髓治疗,4种支架分别为三氧化矿物聚合物(MTA组)、iRoot BP Plus、自体富血小板纤维蛋白联合三氧化矿物聚合物(PRF+MTA组)、脱细胞真皮基质联合三氧化矿物聚合物(ADM+MTA组)。记录1,3,6,12,24个月患牙的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度,采用X射线摄像比较根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影及根尖孔封闭情况,统计成功率。研究获得河北医科大学第二医院伦理委员会批准。结果与结论:①外伤组末次随访时,4种支架组间的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),4种支架组间的根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影、根尖孔封闭情况比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中PRF+MTA组效果最好;②龋齿组末次随访时,4种支架组间的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),4种支架组间的根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影、根尖孔封闭情况比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中PRF+MTA组效果最好;③无论是外伤组还是龋齿组,4种支架组间的治疗成功率比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中以PRF+MTA组最高;④结果表明,自体富血小板纤维蛋白联合三氧化矿物聚合物在年轻恒牙再生性牙髓治疗中有优秀的生物诱导性,较其他支架能更好地保存牙髓活力,诱导年轻恒牙牙根形成,提高治疗成功率。展开更多
Considering the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials used for the production of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering,new strategies for designing advanced functional biomimetic structures have been reviewed.We ...Considering the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials used for the production of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering,new strategies for designing advanced functional biomimetic structures have been reviewed.We offer a comprehensive summary of recent trends in development of single-(metal,ceramics and polymers),composite-type and cell-laden scaffolds that in addition to mechanical support,promote simultaneous tissue growth,and deliver different molecules(growth factors,cytokines,bioactive ions,genes,drugs,antibiotics,etc.)or cells with therapeutic or facilitating regeneration effect.The paper briefly focuses on divers 3D bioprinting constructs and the challenges they face.Based on their application in hard and soft tissue engineering,in vitro and in vivo effects triggered by the structural and biological functionalized biomaterials are underlined.The authors discuss the future outlook for the development of bioactive scaffolds that could pave the way for their successful imposing in clinical therapy.展开更多
Tissue engineering scaffolds play a vital role in regenerative medicine.It not only provides a temporary 3-dimensional support during tissue repair,but also regulates the cell behavior,such as cell adhesion,proliferat...Tissue engineering scaffolds play a vital role in regenerative medicine.It not only provides a temporary 3-dimensional support during tissue repair,but also regulates the cell behavior,such as cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.In this review,we summarize the development and trends of functional scaffolding biomaterials including electrically conducting hydrogels and nanocomposites of hydroxyapatite(HA)and bioactive glasses(BGs)with various biodegradable polymers.Furthermore,the progress on the fabrication of biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds from conducting polymers and composites of HA and BG via electrospinning,deposition and thermally induced phase separation is discussed.Moreover,bioactive molecules and surface properties of scaffolds are very important during tissue repair.Bioactive molecule-releasing scaffolds and antimicrobial surface coatings for biomedical implants and scaffolds are also reviewed.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. ...Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, limited accessibility to the injury sites, complicated histological and anatomical structure, intricate cellular and extracellular milieu, lack of regenerative capacity in the native cells, vast variety of damage routes, and the insufficient time available for treatment have restricted the widespread application of several therapeutic methods in cases of central nervous system injury. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as innovative approaches in the field of nerve regeneration. By combining biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors, these approaches have provided a platform for developing effective treatments for neural injuries, which can offer the potential to restore neural function, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the need for drugs and invasive surgical procedures. Biomaterials have shown advantages in promoting neural development, inhibiting glial scar formation, and providing a suitable biomimetic neural microenvironment, which makes their application promising in the field of neural regeneration. For instance, bioactive scaffolds loaded with stem cells can provide a biocompatible and biodegradable milieu. Furthermore, stem cells-derived exosomes combine the advantages of stem cells, avoid the risk of immune rejection, cooperate with biomaterials to enhance their biological functions, and exert stable functions, thereby inducing angiogenesis and neural regeneration in patients with traumatic brain injury and promoting the recovery of brain function. Unfortunately, biomaterials have shown positive effects in the laboratory, but when similar materials are used in clinical studies of human central nervous system regeneration, their efficacy is unsatisfactory. Here, we review the characteristics and properties of various bioactive materials, followed by the展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing.MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure,however,the long-ter...Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing.MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure,however,the long-term results obtained up to now are far from satisfactory.The main causes of these therapeutic limitations are inefficient homing,engraftment,and osteogenic differentiation.Many studies have proposed modifications to improve MSC engraftment and osteogenic differentiation of the transplanted cells.Several strategies are aimed to improve cell resistance to the hostile microenvironment found in the recipient tissue and increase cell survival after transplantation.These strategies could range from a simple modification of the culture conditions,known as cell-preconditioning,to the genetic modification of the cells to avoid cellular senescence.Many efforts have also been done in order to enhance the osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells and induce bone formation,mainly by the use of bioactive or biomimetic scaffolds,although alternative approaches will also be discussed.This review aims to summarize several of the most recent approaches,providing an up-to-date view of the main developments in MSCbased regenerative techniques.展开更多
Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the injured skin may impede the wound repair and skin regeneration.Herein,we develop an injectable self-healing ceria-based nanocomposite hydrogel with ROS-scavenging activity ...Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the injured skin may impede the wound repair and skin regeneration.Herein,we develop an injectable self-healing ceria-based nanocomposite hydrogel with ROS-scavenging activity to accelerate wound healing.The nanocomposite hydrogels were successfully prepared by coating cerium oxide nanorods with polyethylenimine and crosslinked with benzaldehyde-terminated F127(F127-CHO)through the dynamic Schiff-base reaction(FVEC hydrogel).The results showed that the FVEC hydrogel possessed the good thermosensitivity,injectability,self-healing ability and ROS scavenging activity.The subcutaneous implantation experiments in mice confirmed that FVEC hydrogels are biocompatible and biodegradable in vivo.The fullthickness skin wound studies showed that FVEC hydrogel could significantly enhance the wound healing and epithelium regeneration with the formation of hair follicle and adipocyte tissue.This work provides a new strategy for the development of multifunctional Cebased nanocomposite hydrogel for full-thickness skin wound healing and regeneration.展开更多
Inflammation manipulation and extracellular matrix(ECM)remodeling for healthy tissue regeneration are critical requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds.To this end,the bioactive polycaprolactone(PCL)-based scaffo...Inflammation manipulation and extracellular matrix(ECM)remodeling for healthy tissue regeneration are critical requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds.To this end,the bioactive polycaprolactone(PCL)-based scaffolds are fabricated to release aprotinin and thymosinβ4(Tβ4)in a programmable manner.The core part of the fiber is composed of hyaluronic acid and Tβ4,and the shell is PCL,which is further coated with heparin/gelatin/aprotinin to enhance biocompatibility.The in vitro assay demonstrates that the controlled release of aprotinin prevents initial excessive inflammation.The subsequent release of Tβ4 after 3 days induces the transition of macrophages from M1 into M2 polarization.The manipulation of inflammatory response further controls the expression of transforming growth factor-βand fibroblast activation,which oversee the quantity and quality of ECM remodeling.In addition,the gradual degradation of the scaffold allows cells to proliferate within the platform.In vivo implant evaluation convinces that PCL-based scaffolds possess the high capability to control the inflammatory response and restore the ECM to normal conditions.Hence,our work paves a new way to develop tissue engineering scaffolds for inflammation manipulation and ECM remodeling with peptide-mediated reactions.展开更多
In this paper,we used Corn Stalk(CS)as a renewable and economical bio template to fabricate willemite scaffolds with the potential application in skull bone repair.CS was used as a sacrificial template to synthesize t...In this paper,we used Corn Stalk(CS)as a renewable and economical bio template to fabricate willemite scaffolds with the potential application in skull bone repair.CS was used as a sacrificial template to synthesize the scaffolds.Willemite scaffolds with the chemical formula of Zn2SiO4 and pore size in the range of 3 to 10µm could be successfully synthesized by soaking CS in the willemite solution for 24 h and sintering at 950°C for 5 h.The porosity of the samples was controlled by the soaking time(between 12 and 48 h)in the willemite solution from 5 to 35%,respectively.The properties of these scaffolds showed a good approximation with cranial bone tissue.In addition,cytotoxicity assays(MTT)were performed on Human Bone Marrow Stromal cells(HBMSc)and A172 human glioblastoma cell lines by direct and indirect culture methods to estimate their toxicity for bone and nerve cells,respectively.Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP)activity and DAPI/Phalloidin cell staining were also performed to investigate the efficiency of the scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.The results showed that the scaffolds had good biocompatibility with both HBMSC and A172 cells,noticeable improvement on ALP activity,and great apatite formation ability in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF).All the evidence ascertained that willemite scaffolds made by corn stalks could be a useful candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.展开更多
Bio-mechanically active scaffolds for tissue engineering combining hydrophilic polymeric matrix and nano-diamond fillers properties are presented and discussed in this paper. The resulting scaffolding materials reveal...Bio-mechanically active scaffolds for tissue engineering combining hydrophilic polymeric matrix and nano-diamond fillers properties are presented and discussed in this paper. The resulting scaffolding materials revealed re-markable mechanical and biological properties to be exploited in advanced biomedical applications. The novel hybrid material is based on 2 and 5 vol-ume % of detonation nano-diamond particles in a hydrophilic poly-(hydroxyl- ethyl-methacrylate) matrix. According to its mechanical and biological properties, the nanocomposite shows a hybrid nature. The base analytical procedures for the preparation of the hybrid nanocomposites and some preliminary mechanical characteristics are presented. The proposed hybrid system has been considered for potential biomimetic, osteoconductive and osteoinductive scaffolds application in bio-mechanically active bone scaffolds for osteoblast, and stem cell differentiation and growth. These more rigid hybrid nano-composites are predicted to possess improved mechanical strength overcoming the mechanical weaknesses of traditional hydrogels clinically utilized for bone regeneration.展开更多
Bioactive glasses （BGs） are ideal materials for macroporous scaffolds due to their excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, biocompatible and biodegradable properties, and their high bone bonding rates. Macroporou...Bioactive glasses （BGs） are ideal materials for macroporous scaffolds due to their excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, biocompatible and biodegradable properties, and their high bone bonding rates. Macroporous scaffolds made From BGs are in high demand for bone regeneration because they can stimulate vascularized bone ingrowth and they enhance bonding between scaffolds and surrounding tissues. Engineering BG/biopolymers （BP） composites or hybrids may be a good way to prepare macroporous scaffolds with excellent properties. This paper summarizes the progress in the past few years in preparing three-dimensional macroporous BG and BG/BP scaffolds for bone regeneration. Since the brittleness of BGs is a major problem in developing macroporous scaffolds and this limits their use in load bearing applications, the mechanical properties of macroporous scaffolds are particularly emphasized in this review.展开更多
文摘背景:再生性牙髓治疗具有生物相容性好、牙根发育完善、牙髓活力保存率高等优点,其血管再生过程中需要借助支架以维持干细胞的生存和血管再生。目的:分析不同生物活性支架应用于年轻恒牙再生性牙髓治疗的效果。方法:选择2016年6月至2018年6月河北医科大学第二医院收治的急性牙髓炎患者160例(患牙168颗),年龄8-16岁,按病因分为外伤组(n=92)和龋齿组(n=76),每组内分别使用4种支架进行再生性牙髓治疗,4种支架分别为三氧化矿物聚合物(MTA组)、iRoot BP Plus、自体富血小板纤维蛋白联合三氧化矿物聚合物(PRF+MTA组)、脱细胞真皮基质联合三氧化矿物聚合物(ADM+MTA组)。记录1,3,6,12,24个月患牙的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度,采用X射线摄像比较根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影及根尖孔封闭情况,统计成功率。研究获得河北医科大学第二医院伦理委员会批准。结果与结论:①外伤组末次随访时,4种支架组间的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),4种支架组间的根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影、根尖孔封闭情况比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中PRF+MTA组效果最好;②龋齿组末次随访时,4种支架组间的牙体色泽、牙髓活力、萌出高度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),4种支架组间的根管长度、根管壁厚度、根尖周暗影、根尖孔封闭情况比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中PRF+MTA组效果最好;③无论是外伤组还是龋齿组,4种支架组间的治疗成功率比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其中以PRF+MTA组最高;④结果表明,自体富血小板纤维蛋白联合三氧化矿物聚合物在年轻恒牙再生性牙髓治疗中有优秀的生物诱导性,较其他支架能更好地保存牙髓活力,诱导年轻恒牙牙根形成,提高治疗成功率。
基金funded by the National Science Fund of Bulgaria(NSFB),Contract№DN 07/3(2016),Gradient functional nanocoatings produced by vacuum technologies for biomedical applications.
文摘Considering the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials used for the production of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering,new strategies for designing advanced functional biomimetic structures have been reviewed.We offer a comprehensive summary of recent trends in development of single-(metal,ceramics and polymers),composite-type and cell-laden scaffolds that in addition to mechanical support,promote simultaneous tissue growth,and deliver different molecules(growth factors,cytokines,bioactive ions,genes,drugs,antibiotics,etc.)or cells with therapeutic or facilitating regeneration effect.The paper briefly focuses on divers 3D bioprinting constructs and the challenges they face.Based on their application in hard and soft tissue engineering,in vitro and in vivo effects triggered by the structural and biological functionalized biomaterials are underlined.The authors discuss the future outlook for the development of bioactive scaffolds that could pave the way for their successful imposing in clinical therapy.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the US National Institutes of Health(NIDCR DE015384,DE017689,DE022327),DOD(W81XWH-12-2-0008)the National Science Foundation of the United States(DMR-1206575)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21304073 and 51403173).
文摘Tissue engineering scaffolds play a vital role in regenerative medicine.It not only provides a temporary 3-dimensional support during tissue repair,but also regulates the cell behavior,such as cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.In this review,we summarize the development and trends of functional scaffolding biomaterials including electrically conducting hydrogels and nanocomposites of hydroxyapatite(HA)and bioactive glasses(BGs)with various biodegradable polymers.Furthermore,the progress on the fabrication of biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds from conducting polymers and composites of HA and BG via electrospinning,deposition and thermally induced phase separation is discussed.Moreover,bioactive molecules and surface properties of scaffolds are very important during tissue repair.Bioactive molecule-releasing scaffolds and antimicrobial surface coatings for biomedical implants and scaffolds are also reviewed.
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,No.2023YFS0164 (to JC)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, limited accessibility to the injury sites, complicated histological and anatomical structure, intricate cellular and extracellular milieu, lack of regenerative capacity in the native cells, vast variety of damage routes, and the insufficient time available for treatment have restricted the widespread application of several therapeutic methods in cases of central nervous system injury. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as innovative approaches in the field of nerve regeneration. By combining biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors, these approaches have provided a platform for developing effective treatments for neural injuries, which can offer the potential to restore neural function, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the need for drugs and invasive surgical procedures. Biomaterials have shown advantages in promoting neural development, inhibiting glial scar formation, and providing a suitable biomimetic neural microenvironment, which makes their application promising in the field of neural regeneration. For instance, bioactive scaffolds loaded with stem cells can provide a biocompatible and biodegradable milieu. Furthermore, stem cells-derived exosomes combine the advantages of stem cells, avoid the risk of immune rejection, cooperate with biomaterials to enhance their biological functions, and exert stable functions, thereby inducing angiogenesis and neural regeneration in patients with traumatic brain injury and promoting the recovery of brain function. Unfortunately, biomaterials have shown positive effects in the laboratory, but when similar materials are used in clinical studies of human central nervous system regeneration, their efficacy is unsatisfactory. Here, we review the characteristics and properties of various bioactive materials, followed by the
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing.MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure,however,the long-term results obtained up to now are far from satisfactory.The main causes of these therapeutic limitations are inefficient homing,engraftment,and osteogenic differentiation.Many studies have proposed modifications to improve MSC engraftment and osteogenic differentiation of the transplanted cells.Several strategies are aimed to improve cell resistance to the hostile microenvironment found in the recipient tissue and increase cell survival after transplantation.These strategies could range from a simple modification of the culture conditions,known as cell-preconditioning,to the genetic modification of the cells to avoid cellular senescence.Many efforts have also been done in order to enhance the osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells and induce bone formation,mainly by the use of bioactive or biomimetic scaffolds,although alternative approaches will also be discussed.This review aims to summarize several of the most recent approaches,providing an up-to-date view of the main developments in MSCbased regenerative techniques.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(182102310300)Key Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province(18A150028).
文摘Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the injured skin may impede the wound repair and skin regeneration.Herein,we develop an injectable self-healing ceria-based nanocomposite hydrogel with ROS-scavenging activity to accelerate wound healing.The nanocomposite hydrogels were successfully prepared by coating cerium oxide nanorods with polyethylenimine and crosslinked with benzaldehyde-terminated F127(F127-CHO)through the dynamic Schiff-base reaction(FVEC hydrogel).The results showed that the FVEC hydrogel possessed the good thermosensitivity,injectability,self-healing ability and ROS scavenging activity.The subcutaneous implantation experiments in mice confirmed that FVEC hydrogels are biocompatible and biodegradable in vivo.The fullthickness skin wound studies showed that FVEC hydrogel could significantly enhance the wound healing and epithelium regeneration with the formation of hair follicle and adipocyte tissue.This work provides a new strategy for the development of multifunctional Cebased nanocomposite hydrogel for full-thickness skin wound healing and regeneration.
基金supported by the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52061135202,51573186).
文摘Inflammation manipulation and extracellular matrix(ECM)remodeling for healthy tissue regeneration are critical requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds.To this end,the bioactive polycaprolactone(PCL)-based scaffolds are fabricated to release aprotinin and thymosinβ4(Tβ4)in a programmable manner.The core part of the fiber is composed of hyaluronic acid and Tβ4,and the shell is PCL,which is further coated with heparin/gelatin/aprotinin to enhance biocompatibility.The in vitro assay demonstrates that the controlled release of aprotinin prevents initial excessive inflammation.The subsequent release of Tβ4 after 3 days induces the transition of macrophages from M1 into M2 polarization.The manipulation of inflammatory response further controls the expression of transforming growth factor-βand fibroblast activation,which oversee the quantity and quality of ECM remodeling.In addition,the gradual degradation of the scaffold allows cells to proliferate within the platform.In vivo implant evaluation convinces that PCL-based scaffolds possess the high capability to control the inflammatory response and restore the ECM to normal conditions.Hence,our work paves a new way to develop tissue engineering scaffolds for inflammation manipulation and ECM remodeling with peptide-mediated reactions.
文摘In this paper,we used Corn Stalk(CS)as a renewable and economical bio template to fabricate willemite scaffolds with the potential application in skull bone repair.CS was used as a sacrificial template to synthesize the scaffolds.Willemite scaffolds with the chemical formula of Zn2SiO4 and pore size in the range of 3 to 10µm could be successfully synthesized by soaking CS in the willemite solution for 24 h and sintering at 950°C for 5 h.The porosity of the samples was controlled by the soaking time(between 12 and 48 h)in the willemite solution from 5 to 35%,respectively.The properties of these scaffolds showed a good approximation with cranial bone tissue.In addition,cytotoxicity assays(MTT)were performed on Human Bone Marrow Stromal cells(HBMSc)and A172 human glioblastoma cell lines by direct and indirect culture methods to estimate their toxicity for bone and nerve cells,respectively.Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP)activity and DAPI/Phalloidin cell staining were also performed to investigate the efficiency of the scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.The results showed that the scaffolds had good biocompatibility with both HBMSC and A172 cells,noticeable improvement on ALP activity,and great apatite formation ability in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF).All the evidence ascertained that willemite scaffolds made by corn stalks could be a useful candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.
文摘Bio-mechanically active scaffolds for tissue engineering combining hydrophilic polymeric matrix and nano-diamond fillers properties are presented and discussed in this paper. The resulting scaffolding materials revealed re-markable mechanical and biological properties to be exploited in advanced biomedical applications. The novel hybrid material is based on 2 and 5 vol-ume % of detonation nano-diamond particles in a hydrophilic poly-(hydroxyl- ethyl-methacrylate) matrix. According to its mechanical and biological properties, the nanocomposite shows a hybrid nature. The base analytical procedures for the preparation of the hybrid nanocomposites and some preliminary mechanical characteristics are presented. The proposed hybrid system has been considered for potential biomimetic, osteoconductive and osteoinductive scaffolds application in bio-mechanically active bone scaffolds for osteoblast, and stem cell differentiation and growth. These more rigid hybrid nano-composites are predicted to possess improved mechanical strength overcoming the mechanical weaknesses of traditional hydrogels clinically utilized for bone regeneration.
文摘Bioactive glasses （BGs） are ideal materials for macroporous scaffolds due to their excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, biocompatible and biodegradable properties, and their high bone bonding rates. Macroporous scaffolds made From BGs are in high demand for bone regeneration because they can stimulate vascularized bone ingrowth and they enhance bonding between scaffolds and surrounding tissues. Engineering BG/biopolymers （BP） composites or hybrids may be a good way to prepare macroporous scaffolds with excellent properties. This paper summarizes the progress in the past few years in preparing three-dimensional macroporous BG and BG/BP scaffolds for bone regeneration. Since the brittleness of BGs is a major problem in developing macroporous scaffolds and this limits their use in load bearing applications, the mechanical properties of macroporous scaffolds are particularly emphasized in this review.
