On June 17, 2013, MilkyWay-2 （Tianhe-2） supercomputer was crowned as the fastest supercomputer in the world on the 41th TOP500 list. This paper provides an overview of the MilkyWay-2 project and describes the design...On June 17, 2013, MilkyWay-2 （Tianhe-2） supercomputer was crowned as the fastest supercomputer in the world on the 41th TOP500 list. This paper provides an overview of the MilkyWay-2 project and describes the design of hardware and software systems. The key architecture features of MilkyWay-2 are highlighted, including neo-heterogeneous compute nodes integrating commodity- off-the-shelf processors and accelerators that share similar instruction set architecture, powerful networks that employ proprietary interconnection chips to support the massively parallel message-passing communications, proprietary 16- core processor designed for scientific computing, efficient software stacks that provide high performance file system, emerging programming model for heterogeneous systems, and intelligent system administration. We perform extensive evaluation with wide-ranging applications from LINPACK and Graph500 benchmarks to massively parallel software deployed in the system.展开更多
西方在人民币汇率问题上的核心意图在于舍 IMF 而取 WTO 的争端解决机制,因此,需要廓清 IMF 与 WTO 的关系以确定人民币汇率义务的管辖归属和衡量依据。合理界定二者的关系需要区分外汇措施和汇率安排。由于外汇措施与贸易措施具有交叉...西方在人民币汇率问题上的核心意图在于舍 IMF 而取 WTO 的争端解决机制,因此,需要廓清 IMF 与 WTO 的关系以确定人民币汇率义务的管辖归属和衡量依据。合理界定二者的关系需要区分外汇措施和汇率安排。由于外汇措施与贸易措施具有交叉重叠的效果,IMF 以技术方法界定外汇措施,WTO 在外汇措施是否与 IMF 条款一致的问题上对 IMF 的管辖权给予充分的吸收。但是,汇率安排属于 IMF专属管辖,WTO 的有关规定与此无涉。西方对人民币汇率的指控属于汇率安排问题,应由 IMF 依其协定第4条进行监督,而不应由 WTO 争端解决机制解决。展开更多
Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cro...Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.展开更多
基金Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the Na- tional High-tech R＆D Program of China （863 Program） （2012AA01A301）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 61120106005）. The MilkyWay-2 project is a great team effort and benefits from the cooperation of many individuals at NUDT. We thank all the people who have contributed to the system in a variety of ways.
文摘On June 17, 2013, MilkyWay-2 （Tianhe-2） supercomputer was crowned as the fastest supercomputer in the world on the 41th TOP500 list. This paper provides an overview of the MilkyWay-2 project and describes the design of hardware and software systems. The key architecture features of MilkyWay-2 are highlighted, including neo-heterogeneous compute nodes integrating commodity- off-the-shelf processors and accelerators that share similar instruction set architecture, powerful networks that employ proprietary interconnection chips to support the massively parallel message-passing communications, proprietary 16- core processor designed for scientific computing, efficient software stacks that provide high performance file system, emerging programming model for heterogeneous systems, and intelligent system administration. We perform extensive evaluation with wide-ranging applications from LINPACK and Graph500 benchmarks to massively parallel software deployed in the system.
文摘西方在人民币汇率问题上的核心意图在于舍 IMF 而取 WTO 的争端解决机制,因此,需要廓清 IMF 与 WTO 的关系以确定人民币汇率义务的管辖归属和衡量依据。合理界定二者的关系需要区分外汇措施和汇率安排。由于外汇措施与贸易措施具有交叉重叠的效果,IMF 以技术方法界定外汇措施,WTO 在外汇措施是否与 IMF 条款一致的问题上对 IMF 的管辖权给予充分的吸收。但是,汇率安排属于 IMF专属管辖,WTO 的有关规定与此无涉。西方对人民币汇率的指控属于汇率安排问题,应由 IMF 依其协定第4条进行监督,而不应由 WTO 争端解决机制解决。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471081)the Frontal Field Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ISSASIP0201) the Key Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX3-SW-427).
文摘Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.
