Bamboo forest is an important land use in the traditional village of Penglipuran, Bali Indonesia. Bamboo growing in the rural areas can be a good choice for capturing CO2. I harvested selected culms to determine bioma...Bamboo forest is an important land use in the traditional village of Penglipuran, Bali Indonesia. Bamboo growing in the rural areas can be a good choice for capturing CO2. I harvested selected culms to determine biomass content, and 50 % of dry weight biomass was calculated as carbon content. The Penglipuran bamboo forest supported six bamboo species in a one hectare sampling plot, all of the genus Gigantochloa. The clump and culm densities were 339 and 7190 ha-1, respectively.Total above- plus below-ground biomass was87.35 Mg ha-1, and carbon storage was 43.67 Mg ha-1.Carbon storage estimated in the bamboo forest at Penglipuran offers insight into the opportunity for PES（payment for ecosystem services） through emission trading mechanisms.展开更多
In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrali...In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrality) of a vertex is related to the ability of the network to respond to the deactivation or removal of that vertex from the network. In particular, the Laplacian centrality of a vertex is defined as the relative drop of Laplacian energy caused by the deactivation of this vertex. The Laplacian energy of network G with?n?vertices is defined as , where ?is the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of G. Other dynamics based measures such as that of Masuda and Kori and PageRank compute the importance of a node by analyzing the way paths pass through a node while our measure captures this information as well as the way these paths are “redistributed” when the node is deleted. The validity and robustness of this new measure are illustrated on two different terrorist social network data sets and 84 networks in James Moody’s Add Health in school friendship nomination data, and is compared with other standard centrality measures.展开更多
Bali Island in Indonesia,one of the Asian regions with the fastest-developed tourism industry,was taken for example to analyze its experience in making tourism development planning,raising funds,and brand building.On ...Bali Island in Indonesia,one of the Asian regions with the fastest-developed tourism industry,was taken for example to analyze its experience in making tourism development planning,raising funds,and brand building.On this basis,we proposed concrete suggestions for the future tourism development of Hebei Province in China by combining with its actual conditions:buildings in scenic spots have to show regional styles;folk custom tourism should be fully used to enhance tourism development;advanced management experience of foreign tourism enterprises should be introduced;a favorable tourism development atmosphere should be created first;foreign investment should be attracted.展开更多
A ball valve is a common mechanical product for connecting and closing a media outlet in equipment. To adapt to pipes of different sizes, a ball valve is often designed into a serial product of standard specifications...A ball valve is a common mechanical product for connecting and closing a media outlet in equipment. To adapt to pipes of different sizes, a ball valve is often designed into a serial product of standard specifications. In accordance with usual routine designing, it is demanded to draw a set of blueprints for every specification and to mark its sizes. We propose using the configuration functions in the three dimensional designing software SolidWords to realize the ball valve product＇s serialization for effective designing. It only requires designing a set of blueprint integrated with a serial parts designing chart. In this way, it can accomplish the designing process of a numeral blueprint. Successful applications proves that this method is practical for serial parts＇ design.展开更多
Bali Island, Indonesia is undergoing rapid land use changes due to heavy development pressure and its fast growing urban population. One such urbanization phenomenon is the shrinkage, deterioration, and disappearance ...Bali Island, Indonesia is undergoing rapid land use changes due to heavy development pressure and its fast growing urban population. One such urbanization phenomenon is the shrinkage, deterioration, and disappearance of traditional small urban green spaces in Denpasar, Bali. Focusing on telajakan, a strip of traditional green space between the wall of a housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study aims 1) to investigate and document the changes that are occurring with regards to telajakan and 2) to assess the functions (roles) of telajakan in Denpasar. The research methods include vegetation assessment at a lot scale and in-depth homeowner and village leader interviews with the help of local experts. The results show that telajakan space is often paved over to give way to more front space for the property owner and to ease maintenance. It is also minimized or destroyed as the owner builds a more “western” style house. Traditionally telajakan has multiple functions such as provision of plant and flower materials for Balinese daily rituals, regu-lation of stormwater from the property, and offering semi-public space for street vendors and neighbours. However, the results show that: diversity of planted species is decreasing;only a couple of functions such as aesthetics and economics are strongly favored;and the semi-public nature of telajakan is being lost. Since telajakan is as much traditional green open space as part of the aesthetics of the Balinese architecture, its loss, minimization, and degradation lead to the loss of Balinese culture and identity. On the other hand, new meaning is given to telajakan’s functions such as neighborhood beautification and exhibition of the owner’s pride in the modern context. Therefore, policy recommendations to conserve telajakan in the changing urban fabric need to balance these changing needs of telajakan for its use and conservation of traditional rituals and culture of Bali.展开更多
The objective of this study was to elucidate the current status of reproductive management of Bali beef cows in south Sulawesi Province,Indonesia. This study was conducted in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province,...The objective of this study was to elucidate the current status of reproductive management of Bali beef cows in south Sulawesi Province,Indonesia. This study was conducted in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to choose the location where the study was taking place with consideration that this region has potential place for Bali cows. Data collection both primary and secondary data was done through observation and interview to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data. The results of this study showed that reproductive management applied to Bali cows in this region was very low. However, knowledge of the farmers regarding reproductive management such as estrus and its signs were much better, although the time of insemination to the estrous cows sometimes was too late. Mating system of Bali cows in this area were two different methods;natural mating and artificial insemination (AI). To adopt AI technology, the farmers should follow the standard operation of this technology. This study also showed that most of the farmers had good knowledge about estrus synchronization;however, they are still having difficulty to obtain or to access this technology, especially the price of the hormones used for estrus synchronization.展开更多
The sedimentology and geochemistry (major and trace element compositions) of lignite and argillite (carbonaceous shale and claystone) sequences in a Basin in Bali Nyonga, west of the Bamenda Mountain have been investi...The sedimentology and geochemistry (major and trace element compositions) of lignite and argillite (carbonaceous shale and claystone) sequences in a Basin in Bali Nyonga, west of the Bamenda Mountain have been investigated to determine their sequences and the prevailing environmental?conditions which control their formation. Ten representative samples were obtained fromtrenches, pits, and river and stream valleys in the study area. These samples and their ashes were subsequently examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The geochemical results revealed that thelithophile, chalcophile and siderophile elements were dominantly epigenetic in origin, mainly?from detrital sources supported by high silica and alumina concentrations in all the samples. The mineral phases identified were quartz, kaolinite, illite, pyrite, hematite, and minor phases of feldspars,pseudorutile. The relatively high silica (54.10 wt%) and alumina contents (27.77 wt%) in these?samples can be explained by high detrital input during peat formation. The low contents of MgO and CaO in the analysed samples agree very much with the continental setting of the peat formating basin. A clayey microband derived from alkaline volcanic ashes was identified in the lignite and the dominant composition of these clayey microbands was mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and kaolinte, which were interlayered with organic bands. The modes of occurrence of ash bands indicated that the volcanic activities were characterized by multiple eruptions, short time interval?and small scale for each eruption during peat accumulation. The ratios of redox-sensitive traceelement (V/Cr versus Ni/Co and V/V + Ni versus Ni/Co), Sr/Ba, and major oxides ratio (CaO + MgO + Fe2O3)/(SiO2?+ Al2O3) from the analysed samples from Bali Nyonga indicate a terrestrial, reductive (oxic), littoral to brackish water environmental conditions which are characteristics of paludal-lacustrine basin that i展开更多
Bali Island, Indonesia, is undergoing rapid land use changes owing to tourism-related development and urbanization. Consequently, urban green spaces, which provide a myriad of benefits to residents, are disappearing a...Bali Island, Indonesia, is undergoing rapid land use changes owing to tourism-related development and urbanization. Consequently, urban green spaces, which provide a myriad of benefits to residents, are disappearing and deteriorating. Focusing on telajakan, a strip of traditional green space between the frontal wall of a housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study aims: 1) to investigate and document the changes that are occurring with regards to telajakan in Denpasar, Bali and 2) to evaluate the functions of the plantings in telajakan. The research methods include literature review on traditional green spaces in Bali, vegetation survey at a lot scale, and homeowner interviews with the help of local experts. The study found that: 1) aesthetics, economics, and rituals are the top three functions provided by the telajakan plants with aesthetic function being by far the most provided function;2) species diversity does not correspond with functional diversity;and 3) telajakan space itself is often minimized or sometimes lost completely for more inner, privatized space or for vehicle parking lot for shop owners. Since telajakan is an important component of traditional Balinese architecture, its loss, degradation, and marginalization necessarily lead to the loss of Balinese culture and identity. This study hints, however, a new form of social interaction through aesthetically-pleasing telajakan. Also, functional diversity, which is arguably as important as species diversity, can be maintained by carefully selecting indigenous species with multiple functions.展开更多
We investigated the effect of the raw powder properties of carbon nanotube surface coatings on metal powder,with the goal of obtaining high-quality nanocomposites.The mechanical dry coating technique was used to fabri...We investigated the effect of the raw powder properties of carbon nanotube surface coatings on metal powder,with the goal of obtaining high-quality nanocomposites.The mechanical dry coating technique was used to fabricate CNT coatings (guest particles)on the surface of copper (Cu,host)particles using a traditional ball mill and a stirred ball mill.The coatings were produced under various experimental conditions (varying rotation speed and grinding duration,with a ball diameter of 5mm),and the effect of these conditions on the surface of the powder was determined.The coated surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.We compared prolonged milling (48h)at a low rotation speed (50rpm),with a short milling period (12h)at high rotation speed.We found that for the TBM,successful CNT coating was achieved at 50rpm over 48h. In contrast,for the SBM,CNT coatings were obtained after a short milling period (12h)at low rotation speed (50rpm).展开更多
Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world...Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world cultural heritage by UNESCO since 2012. Currently, however, the sustainability of the system and its existence in the future is a big concern. This research is a literature review that aims to identify the challenges and provide option of solutions to sustain the Subak. The study showed that some operational and maintenance aspects of Subak are alarming, such as some network deterioration, limited availability of maintenance facilities either from government or farmers. Despite this condition, religious tradition of Subak is still carried out, although the processions vary from one Subak to another. There are several challenges in regards to Subak conservation: (1) reduction of the Subak area, resulting in declining income to support a decent life; (2) deterioration of quality and quantity of water resources; (3) the age of farmers is above 40 years with a heavy financial burden; (4) there are no clear external regulations to support Subak conservations. This study suggests several strategic steps in keeping the sustainability of Subak. The strategic steps include:refunctioning government officials; providing government support to reduce cost levied to farmers; facilitating collaborations between farmers and other stakeholders; promoting alternative commodities which have a higher financial value; preventing and repairing damages of upstream areas; controlling pollution; forming a coordination board at a provincial, regency and river basin level; building the Subak information systems; providing supervising mechanism, and encouraging academics and students to participate in an effort to preserve Subak itself.展开更多
The Bali Roadmap, as the breakthrough on intergovernmental negotiation of climate change mitigation, having brought United States on track, is still a result of compromises. The major compromises of the Bali Roadmap a...The Bali Roadmap, as the breakthrough on intergovernmental negotiation of climate change mitigation, having brought United States on track, is still a result of compromises. The major compromises of the Bali Roadmap are centered around three issues of quantifying emission reduction targets, developing countries’ obligations as well as quantifying devel- oped countries’ financial assistance in developing countries' capacity building on climate change. It is found that the rationalities behind these compromises are the national interests. Due to the fact, achieving cohesion among all nations in climate change actions is very difficult. Therefore, the Bali Roadmap may lead to a tough way with distant hope. However, technology innovation and well-designed economic instruments would be helpful and supportive for further international negotiation and cooperation.展开更多
基金supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology through the Research Incentive for Researchers and Engineers
文摘Bamboo forest is an important land use in the traditional village of Penglipuran, Bali Indonesia. Bamboo growing in the rural areas can be a good choice for capturing CO2. I harvested selected culms to determine biomass content, and 50 % of dry weight biomass was calculated as carbon content. The Penglipuran bamboo forest supported six bamboo species in a one hectare sampling plot, all of the genus Gigantochloa. The clump and culm densities were 339 and 7190 ha-1, respectively.Total above- plus below-ground biomass was87.35 Mg ha-1, and carbon storage was 43.67 Mg ha-1.Carbon storage estimated in the bamboo forest at Penglipuran offers insight into the opportunity for PES（payment for ecosystem services） through emission trading mechanisms.
文摘In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrality) of a vertex is related to the ability of the network to respond to the deactivation or removal of that vertex from the network. In particular, the Laplacian centrality of a vertex is defined as the relative drop of Laplacian energy caused by the deactivation of this vertex. The Laplacian energy of network G with?n?vertices is defined as , where ?is the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of G. Other dynamics based measures such as that of Masuda and Kori and PageRank compute the importance of a node by analyzing the way paths pass through a node while our measure captures this information as well as the way these paths are “redistributed” when the node is deleted. The validity and robustness of this new measure are illustrated on two different terrorist social network data sets and 84 networks in James Moody’s Add Health in school friendship nomination data, and is compared with other standard centrality measures.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (G2010000337)2011 Research Program of Hebei Social Science Development (201103253)
文摘Bali Island in Indonesia,one of the Asian regions with the fastest-developed tourism industry,was taken for example to analyze its experience in making tourism development planning,raising funds,and brand building.On this basis,we proposed concrete suggestions for the future tourism development of Hebei Province in China by combining with its actual conditions:buildings in scenic spots have to show regional styles;folk custom tourism should be fully used to enhance tourism development;advanced management experience of foreign tourism enterprises should be introduced;a favorable tourism development atmosphere should be created first;foreign investment should be attracted.
文摘A ball valve is a common mechanical product for connecting and closing a media outlet in equipment. To adapt to pipes of different sizes, a ball valve is often designed into a serial product of standard specifications. In accordance with usual routine designing, it is demanded to draw a set of blueprints for every specification and to mark its sizes. We propose using the configuration functions in the three dimensional designing software SolidWords to realize the ball valve product＇s serialization for effective designing. It only requires designing a set of blueprint integrated with a serial parts designing chart. In this way, it can accomplish the designing process of a numeral blueprint. Successful applications proves that this method is practical for serial parts＇ design.
文摘Bali Island, Indonesia is undergoing rapid land use changes due to heavy development pressure and its fast growing urban population. One such urbanization phenomenon is the shrinkage, deterioration, and disappearance of traditional small urban green spaces in Denpasar, Bali. Focusing on telajakan, a strip of traditional green space between the wall of a housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study aims 1) to investigate and document the changes that are occurring with regards to telajakan and 2) to assess the functions (roles) of telajakan in Denpasar. The research methods include vegetation assessment at a lot scale and in-depth homeowner and village leader interviews with the help of local experts. The results show that telajakan space is often paved over to give way to more front space for the property owner and to ease maintenance. It is also minimized or destroyed as the owner builds a more “western” style house. Traditionally telajakan has multiple functions such as provision of plant and flower materials for Balinese daily rituals, regu-lation of stormwater from the property, and offering semi-public space for street vendors and neighbours. However, the results show that: diversity of planted species is decreasing;only a couple of functions such as aesthetics and economics are strongly favored;and the semi-public nature of telajakan is being lost. Since telajakan is as much traditional green open space as part of the aesthetics of the Balinese architecture, its loss, minimization, and degradation lead to the loss of Balinese culture and identity. On the other hand, new meaning is given to telajakan’s functions such as neighborhood beautification and exhibition of the owner’s pride in the modern context. Therefore, policy recommendations to conserve telajakan in the changing urban fabric need to balance these changing needs of telajakan for its use and conservation of traditional rituals and culture of Bali.
文摘The objective of this study was to elucidate the current status of reproductive management of Bali beef cows in south Sulawesi Province,Indonesia. This study was conducted in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to choose the location where the study was taking place with consideration that this region has potential place for Bali cows. Data collection both primary and secondary data was done through observation and interview to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data. The results of this study showed that reproductive management applied to Bali cows in this region was very low. However, knowledge of the farmers regarding reproductive management such as estrus and its signs were much better, although the time of insemination to the estrous cows sometimes was too late. Mating system of Bali cows in this area were two different methods;natural mating and artificial insemination (AI). To adopt AI technology, the farmers should follow the standard operation of this technology. This study also showed that most of the farmers had good knowledge about estrus synchronization;however, they are still having difficulty to obtain or to access this technology, especially the price of the hormones used for estrus synchronization.
文摘The sedimentology and geochemistry (major and trace element compositions) of lignite and argillite (carbonaceous shale and claystone) sequences in a Basin in Bali Nyonga, west of the Bamenda Mountain have been investigated to determine their sequences and the prevailing environmental?conditions which control their formation. Ten representative samples were obtained fromtrenches, pits, and river and stream valleys in the study area. These samples and their ashes were subsequently examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The geochemical results revealed that thelithophile, chalcophile and siderophile elements were dominantly epigenetic in origin, mainly?from detrital sources supported by high silica and alumina concentrations in all the samples. The mineral phases identified were quartz, kaolinite, illite, pyrite, hematite, and minor phases of feldspars,pseudorutile. The relatively high silica (54.10 wt%) and alumina contents (27.77 wt%) in these?samples can be explained by high detrital input during peat formation. The low contents of MgO and CaO in the analysed samples agree very much with the continental setting of the peat formating basin. A clayey microband derived from alkaline volcanic ashes was identified in the lignite and the dominant composition of these clayey microbands was mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and kaolinte, which were interlayered with organic bands. The modes of occurrence of ash bands indicated that the volcanic activities were characterized by multiple eruptions, short time interval?and small scale for each eruption during peat accumulation. The ratios of redox-sensitive traceelement (V/Cr versus Ni/Co and V/V + Ni versus Ni/Co), Sr/Ba, and major oxides ratio (CaO + MgO + Fe2O3)/(SiO2?+ Al2O3) from the analysed samples from Bali Nyonga indicate a terrestrial, reductive (oxic), littoral to brackish water environmental conditions which are characteristics of paludal-lacustrine basin that i
文摘Bali Island, Indonesia, is undergoing rapid land use changes owing to tourism-related development and urbanization. Consequently, urban green spaces, which provide a myriad of benefits to residents, are disappearing and deteriorating. Focusing on telajakan, a strip of traditional green space between the frontal wall of a housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study aims: 1) to investigate and document the changes that are occurring with regards to telajakan in Denpasar, Bali and 2) to evaluate the functions of the plantings in telajakan. The research methods include literature review on traditional green spaces in Bali, vegetation survey at a lot scale, and homeowner interviews with the help of local experts. The study found that: 1) aesthetics, economics, and rituals are the top three functions provided by the telajakan plants with aesthetic function being by far the most provided function;2) species diversity does not correspond with functional diversity;and 3) telajakan space itself is often minimized or sometimes lost completely for more inner, privatized space or for vehicle parking lot for shop owners. Since telajakan is an important component of traditional Balinese architecture, its loss, degradation, and marginalization necessarily lead to the loss of Balinese culture and identity. This study hints, however, a new form of social interaction through aesthetically-pleasing telajakan. Also, functional diversity, which is arguably as important as species diversity, can be maintained by carefully selecting indigenous species with multiple functions.
文摘We investigated the effect of the raw powder properties of carbon nanotube surface coatings on metal powder,with the goal of obtaining high-quality nanocomposites.The mechanical dry coating technique was used to fabricate CNT coatings (guest particles)on the surface of copper (Cu,host)particles using a traditional ball mill and a stirred ball mill.The coatings were produced under various experimental conditions (varying rotation speed and grinding duration,with a ball diameter of 5mm),and the effect of these conditions on the surface of the powder was determined.The coated surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.We compared prolonged milling (48h)at a low rotation speed (50rpm),with a short milling period (12h)at high rotation speed.We found that for the TBM,successful CNT coating was achieved at 50rpm over 48h. In contrast,for the SBM,CNT coatings were obtained after a short milling period (12h)at low rotation speed (50rpm).
文摘Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world cultural heritage by UNESCO since 2012. Currently, however, the sustainability of the system and its existence in the future is a big concern. This research is a literature review that aims to identify the challenges and provide option of solutions to sustain the Subak. The study showed that some operational and maintenance aspects of Subak are alarming, such as some network deterioration, limited availability of maintenance facilities either from government or farmers. Despite this condition, religious tradition of Subak is still carried out, although the processions vary from one Subak to another. There are several challenges in regards to Subak conservation: (1) reduction of the Subak area, resulting in declining income to support a decent life; (2) deterioration of quality and quantity of water resources; (3) the age of farmers is above 40 years with a heavy financial burden; (4) there are no clear external regulations to support Subak conservations. This study suggests several strategic steps in keeping the sustainability of Subak. The strategic steps include:refunctioning government officials; providing government support to reduce cost levied to farmers; facilitating collaborations between farmers and other stakeholders; promoting alternative commodities which have a higher financial value; preventing and repairing damages of upstream areas; controlling pollution; forming a coordination board at a provincial, regency and river basin level; building the Subak information systems; providing supervising mechanism, and encouraging academics and students to participate in an effort to preserve Subak itself.
文摘The Bali Roadmap, as the breakthrough on intergovernmental negotiation of climate change mitigation, having brought United States on track, is still a result of compromises. The major compromises of the Bali Roadmap are centered around three issues of quantifying emission reduction targets, developing countries’ obligations as well as quantifying devel- oped countries’ financial assistance in developing countries' capacity building on climate change. It is found that the rationalities behind these compromises are the national interests. Due to the fact, achieving cohesion among all nations in climate change actions is very difficult. Therefore, the Bali Roadmap may lead to a tough way with distant hope. However, technology innovation and well-designed economic instruments would be helpful and supportive for further international negotiation and cooperation.
