The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built ...The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built environment according to Rapoport＇s view, the ＂environment＂ consists of fixed, semi-fixed and unfixed elements （A. Fixed-feature elements： infrastructure, buildings, walls, floors, etc. B. Semi-fixed-feature elements： ＂furnishings＂ of the environ- ment, interior or exterior, trees and gardens, fences, signs, billboards, lights, etc. C. Unfixed- feature elements： typically people and their activities, behaviors, etc.）. Five representative historic villages in Southwest China （Zhenshan Village in Guizhou, Zhangtang Village in Yunnan, Motuo Village in Sichuan, Huaili Village in Guangxi, and Gongzhong Village in Tibet） were investigated to demonstrate the changes in terms of landscape in the last decade. This article provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between reservation practices and evolving landscapes from a diachronic perspective. This analysis reveals defects of heritage conservation projects for historic villages in Southwest China. The results indicate the following： （1） there exists an important relationship between unfixed-feature elements of Landscape and cultural heritages in historic villages; （2） semi-fixed-feature elements, although being neglected in most preservation practices, show strong sensitivity to mass tourism; （3） fixed-feature elements are highly vulnerable to civil engineering techniques; and （4） the most active change-inducing factors for evolving landscapes in historic villages include value orientations of villagers, relative locations of villages, ethnic groups, customs, and economic development.In conclusion, approaches to promoting sustainable development of historic village in Southwest China are explored.展开更多
In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on p...In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on people’s thermal sensation to environment have been established,and gradually became an important part of the field of thermal comfort research.In this review,the existing thermal comfort models are summarized from various perspectives,such as models applied in different environments like sleeping environment and outdoor environment.Besides,models used for different groups people,such as elderly and different races are discussed.In the part,adaptive models are mentioned.In additions,data-driven models were reviewed.This paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of each model.Based on the above review,future research work of thermal comfort model is proposed.展开更多
China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship bet...China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.展开更多
Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis o...Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)for either the degradation of contaminants in the environment or the generation of hydrogen as clean fuel is an effective approach to alleviate these problems.However,the efficiency of such processes remains suboptimal for real applications.Reasonable construction of a built-in electric field is considered to efficiently enhance carrier separation and reduce carrier recombination to improve catalytic performance.In the past decade,as a new method to enhance the built-in electric field,the piezoelectric effect from piezoelectric materials has been extensively studied.In this review,we provide an overview of the properties of piezoelectric materials and the mechanisms of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity for a built-in electric field.Then,piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarization regulated built-in electric fields that mediate catalysis are discussed.Furthermore,the applications of piezoelectric semiconductor materials are also highlighted,including degradation of pollutants,bacteria disinfection,water splitting for H2 generation,and organic synthesis.We conclude by discussing the challenges in the field and the exciting opportunities to further improve piezo-catalytic efficiency.展开更多
The exploration of novel multivariate heterostructures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for developing high-performance electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption materials.However,the loss mechanism in traditional heterost...The exploration of novel multivariate heterostructures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for developing high-performance electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption materials.However,the loss mechanism in traditional heterostructures is relatively simple,guided by empirical observations,and is not monotonous.In this work,we presented a novel semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructure sys-tem,Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides(metal=Sn,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Zn,and Cu),including semiconductor junctions and Mott-Schottky junctions.By skillfully combining these distinct functional components(Mo-MXene,MoS_(2),metal sulfides),we can engineer a multiple heterogeneous interface with superior absorption capabilities,broad effective absorption bandwidths,and ultrathin matching thickness.The successful establishment of semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructures gives rise to a built-in electric field that intensifies electron transfer,as confirmed by density functional theory,which collaborates with multiple dielectric polarization mechanisms to substantially amplify EMW absorption.We detailed a successful synthesis of a series of Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides featuring both semiconductor-semiconductor and semiconductor-metal interfaces.The achievements were most pronounced in Mo-MXene/Mo-Sn sulfide,which achieved remarkable reflection loss values of-70.6 dB at a matching thickness of only 1.885 mm.Radar cross-section calculations indicate that these MXene/Mo-metal sulfides have tremendous potential in practical military stealth technology.This work marks a departure from conventional component design limitations and presents a novel pathway for the creation of advanced MXene-based composites with potent EMW absorption capabilities.展开更多
S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts can achieve highly efficient solar energy utilization.Here,singleatom Ni species were deposited onto TiO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(TCN)composite photocatalyst with an S-scheme het-erojun...S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts can achieve highly efficient solar energy utilization.Here,singleatom Ni species were deposited onto TiO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(TCN)composite photocatalyst with an S-scheme het-erojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen.Under solar irradiation,it realized the hydrogen production activity of 134μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),about 5 times higher than the TCN without atomic Ni.Insitu Kelvin probe force microscopy characterization and the density functional cal-culation certify that by forming the S-scheme heterojunction,the photo-excited electrons from the TiO_(2)combine with the photogenerated holes at the coupled g-C_(3)N_(4)driven by a built-in electric field.More importantly,the single-atom Ni species stabilized the photogenerated electrons from the g-C_(3)N_(4)could effectively enhance the charge separation between the holes on the valence band of TiO_(2)and electrons at the conduction band of g-C_(3)N_(4).Meanwhile,the Ni atoms act as the surface catalytic centers for the water reduction reaction,which greatly improves the reactivity of the photocatalyst.The present work provides a new approach for developing noble metal-free heterojunctions for high-efficiency photocatalysis.展开更多
The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current the...The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current theories of architecture and the built environment.Newly developed theories and methodologies in neuroscience have allowed us to improve and deepen our knowledge of human experience in the built environment.The potential of the relationship between neuroscience and architecture for knowledge creation generates an increasing interest in theoretical and methodological approaches to explore this intersection.Thus,a common ground on which to conduct interdisciplinary studies investigating developing and emerging concepts at the intersection must be established.However,few reviews in the literature have systematically examined developing and emerging concepts at the intersection of neuroscience and architecture.The present review aims to examine the existing literature systematically to explain the influence of the built environment on human experience by using approaches from neuroscience by examining the conceptualizations in the field.The study is conducted as a systematic qualitative review that analyzes and synthesizes the developing and emerging concepts that have appeared in the ever-evolving literature.The study concludes with an overall discussion about these concepts as a means of deeply understanding the influence of the built environment on human experience,responses to the environment based on approaches from neuroscience,and their potential for providing further directions for future research.展开更多
With the rapid technological advancements in recent decades,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies have been increasingly adopted to address various challenges in emergency management in the built en...With the rapid technological advancements in recent decades,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies have been increasingly adopted to address various challenges in emergency management in the built environments.This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art applications in this rapidly evolving area.A total of 84 relevant articles are identified based on searching in the Web of Science Core Collection and snowballing.These papers are then organized based on a taxonomy developed in this study.Next,a range of VR/AR appli-cations presented in these papers that are aimed to enhance various processes associated with pre-emergency preparedness,responses during emergency and post-emergency recovery are reviewed in detail.The existing VR/AR applications are also described from a human-computer interaction perspective.Finally,current research trends,knowledge gaps and directions for future research are discussed.The findings presented in this paper are expected to provide a synthetic and critical review of state-of-the-art VR/AR applications for emergency management in the built environment and facilitate further advancements in both research and practice in this area.展开更多
基金This article is sponsored by （1） the research programs of the National Science Foundation of China （50768003 51168007）+2 种基金 （2） the research program of the Science Bureau Foundation of Guizhou Province （Qiankehe R[200712019 2012GZ49469 Qiankehe J[200712157）.
文摘The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built environment according to Rapoport＇s view, the ＂environment＂ consists of fixed, semi-fixed and unfixed elements （A. Fixed-feature elements： infrastructure, buildings, walls, floors, etc. B. Semi-fixed-feature elements： ＂furnishings＂ of the environ- ment, interior or exterior, trees and gardens, fences, signs, billboards, lights, etc. C. Unfixed- feature elements： typically people and their activities, behaviors, etc.）. Five representative historic villages in Southwest China （Zhenshan Village in Guizhou, Zhangtang Village in Yunnan, Motuo Village in Sichuan, Huaili Village in Guangxi, and Gongzhong Village in Tibet） were investigated to demonstrate the changes in terms of landscape in the last decade. This article provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between reservation practices and evolving landscapes from a diachronic perspective. This analysis reveals defects of heritage conservation projects for historic villages in Southwest China. The results indicate the following： （1） there exists an important relationship between unfixed-feature elements of Landscape and cultural heritages in historic villages; （2） semi-fixed-feature elements, although being neglected in most preservation practices, show strong sensitivity to mass tourism; （3） fixed-feature elements are highly vulnerable to civil engineering techniques; and （4） the most active change-inducing factors for evolving landscapes in historic villages include value orientations of villagers, relative locations of villages, ethnic groups, customs, and economic development.In conclusion, approaches to promoting sustainable development of historic village in Southwest China are explored.
基金supported by the National Key R and D Program of China(2018YFC0704503)the international exchange program from Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology,China(18230722900).
文摘In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on people’s thermal sensation to environment have been established,and gradually became an important part of the field of thermal comfort research.In this review,the existing thermal comfort models are summarized from various perspectives,such as models applied in different environments like sleeping environment and outdoor environment.Besides,models used for different groups people,such as elderly and different races are discussed.In the part,adaptive models are mentioned.In additions,data-driven models were reviewed.This paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of each model.Based on the above review,future research work of thermal comfort model is proposed.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40671058,41071102)National'TwelfthFive-Year'Plan for Science and Technology Support(No.2012BAJ 05B04)
文摘China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2015023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471784,51802115)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(2172058)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2018BEM010,ZR2019YQ21)Major Program of Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2018ZC0843)Scientific and Technology Project of University of Jinan(XKY1923)~~
文摘Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)for either the degradation of contaminants in the environment or the generation of hydrogen as clean fuel is an effective approach to alleviate these problems.However,the efficiency of such processes remains suboptimal for real applications.Reasonable construction of a built-in electric field is considered to efficiently enhance carrier separation and reduce carrier recombination to improve catalytic performance.In the past decade,as a new method to enhance the built-in electric field,the piezoelectric effect from piezoelectric materials has been extensively studied.In this review,we provide an overview of the properties of piezoelectric materials and the mechanisms of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity for a built-in electric field.Then,piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarization regulated built-in electric fields that mediate catalysis are discussed.Furthermore,the applications of piezoelectric semiconductor materials are also highlighted,including degradation of pollutants,bacteria disinfection,water splitting for H2 generation,and organic synthesis.We conclude by discussing the challenges in the field and the exciting opportunities to further improve piezo-catalytic efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22269010,52231007,12327804,T2321003,22088101)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20224BAB214021)+1 种基金the Major Research Program of Jingdezhen Ceramic Industry(No.2023ZDGG002)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project No.2021YFA1200600).
文摘The exploration of novel multivariate heterostructures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for developing high-performance electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption materials.However,the loss mechanism in traditional heterostructures is relatively simple,guided by empirical observations,and is not monotonous.In this work,we presented a novel semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructure sys-tem,Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides(metal=Sn,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Zn,and Cu),including semiconductor junctions and Mott-Schottky junctions.By skillfully combining these distinct functional components(Mo-MXene,MoS_(2),metal sulfides),we can engineer a multiple heterogeneous interface with superior absorption capabilities,broad effective absorption bandwidths,and ultrathin matching thickness.The successful establishment of semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructures gives rise to a built-in electric field that intensifies electron transfer,as confirmed by density functional theory,which collaborates with multiple dielectric polarization mechanisms to substantially amplify EMW absorption.We detailed a successful synthesis of a series of Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides featuring both semiconductor-semiconductor and semiconductor-metal interfaces.The achievements were most pronounced in Mo-MXene/Mo-Sn sulfide,which achieved remarkable reflection loss values of-70.6 dB at a matching thickness of only 1.885 mm.Radar cross-section calculations indicate that these MXene/Mo-metal sulfides have tremendous potential in practical military stealth technology.This work marks a departure from conventional component design limitations and presents a novel pathway for the creation of advanced MXene-based composites with potent EMW absorption capabilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51774259 and 22378372).
文摘S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts can achieve highly efficient solar energy utilization.Here,singleatom Ni species were deposited onto TiO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(TCN)composite photocatalyst with an S-scheme het-erojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen.Under solar irradiation,it realized the hydrogen production activity of 134μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),about 5 times higher than the TCN without atomic Ni.Insitu Kelvin probe force microscopy characterization and the density functional cal-culation certify that by forming the S-scheme heterojunction,the photo-excited electrons from the TiO_(2)combine with the photogenerated holes at the coupled g-C_(3)N_(4)driven by a built-in electric field.More importantly,the single-atom Ni species stabilized the photogenerated electrons from the g-C_(3)N_(4)could effectively enhance the charge separation between the holes on the valence band of TiO_(2)and electrons at the conduction band of g-C_(3)N_(4).Meanwhile,the Ni atoms act as the surface catalytic centers for the water reduction reaction,which greatly improves the reactivity of the photocatalyst.The present work provides a new approach for developing noble metal-free heterojunctions for high-efficiency photocatalysis.
文摘The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current theories of architecture and the built environment.Newly developed theories and methodologies in neuroscience have allowed us to improve and deepen our knowledge of human experience in the built environment.The potential of the relationship between neuroscience and architecture for knowledge creation generates an increasing interest in theoretical and methodological approaches to explore this intersection.Thus,a common ground on which to conduct interdisciplinary studies investigating developing and emerging concepts at the intersection must be established.However,few reviews in the literature have systematically examined developing and emerging concepts at the intersection of neuroscience and architecture.The present review aims to examine the existing literature systematically to explain the influence of the built environment on human experience by using approaches from neuroscience by examining the conceptualizations in the field.The study is conducted as a systematic qualitative review that analyzes and synthesizes the developing and emerging concepts that have appeared in the ever-evolving literature.The study concludes with an overall discussion about these concepts as a means of deeply understanding the influence of the built environment on human experience,responses to the environment based on approaches from neuroscience,and their potential for providing further directions for future research.
基金This material is based on work supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2017YFC0803300the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.71603145+1 种基金the Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Educa-tion of China(MOE)under Grant No.16YJC630052The authors are grateful for the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST),NSFC and MOE.
文摘With the rapid technological advancements in recent decades,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies have been increasingly adopted to address various challenges in emergency management in the built environments.This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art applications in this rapidly evolving area.A total of 84 relevant articles are identified based on searching in the Web of Science Core Collection and snowballing.These papers are then organized based on a taxonomy developed in this study.Next,a range of VR/AR appli-cations presented in these papers that are aimed to enhance various processes associated with pre-emergency preparedness,responses during emergency and post-emergency recovery are reviewed in detail.The existing VR/AR applications are also described from a human-computer interaction perspective.Finally,current research trends,knowledge gaps and directions for future research are discussed.The findings presented in this paper are expected to provide a synthetic and critical review of state-of-the-art VR/AR applications for emergency management in the built environment and facilitate further advancements in both research and practice in this area.
