After three years of archaeological excavation on Mo'er Temple Site in Kashgar,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,archaeologists have found a massive Buddhist temple complex,and have unearthed a large numbe...After three years of archaeological excavation on Mo'er Temple Site in Kashgar,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,archaeologists have found a massive Buddhist temple complex,and have unearthed a large number of ancient relics,including Buddha statues made of gypsum,bronze coins,pottery,woodware,animal skeleton,grains,and fruit kernels.This article is a preliminary collation and summary for these crucial findings,including the initial establishment,development,evolution,and final abandonment of Mo'er Temple,Mo'er Temple's general layout and its architectural structure,and features of cultural exchange on the Silk Road that Mo'er Temple reflects.These new discoveries prove that Mo'er Temple is a solid evidence of the coexistence and spread of multiple religions in Xinjiang in the history.It demonstrates that Chinese civilization is both unified and diverse,inclusive and understanding;and may serve great importance to researches and studies on the evolutionary history of religions in Xinjiang.展开更多
The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Ch...The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Chan School,is interpreted by the beautiful natural scenery,therefore it is closely related to the tourism from the ancient time.However,this link is to defend Buddhist tourism,which is inevitably criticized,since the secularization of sacred Buddhism,though Buddhist tourism is beneficial for life,society,economy,and Buddhism itself.But this sort of criticism is a misunderstanding of Chinese Buddhism since that Chinese Buddhism absorbs Zhuang Zi’s thought that“the ultimate truth(道)is in shit(屎尿)”1,so that it purports to the sacred dimension which is overlapped by the secular aspect.For example,the short poems composed by masters in Chan School“The Buddhist dharma is in this world,so that the enlightenment could not be realized outside of the human world”,“where there is bamboo and flower,there is dharma and prajna”,are the best way to express this kind of divine concept,moreover,Buddhist tourism is an effective practice to allocate this divine connotation.展开更多
Sinhalese language(one of the national languages spoken in Sri Lanka)and culture have a long and continuous history,ingrained traditions,and highly differentiated social norms.The Sinhalese Buddhist community of Sri L...Sinhalese language(one of the national languages spoken in Sri Lanka)and culture have a long and continuous history,ingrained traditions,and highly differentiated social norms.The Sinhalese Buddhist community of Sri Lanka is broadly categorized into two groups,secular/layman(ɡṛhasthə>ɡihi)and mendicant/clergy(prəvrajitə>pævidi).According to this situation,the Sinhalese language depicts very significant usages among Indo-Aryan languages.Buddhism is the main factor for this differentiation.This paper mainly focused on the religious terms and their usages in Sinhalese.These terms show the hierarchical structure of the common Sri Lankan society,especially among layman and clergy.Some characteristic features which have been taken into account in this research paper are as follows:(1)Layman and clergy usages of Sinhalese(Separate set of nouns and verbs which are used to represent the clergy and secular in Sinhalese);(2)The hierarchical structure of usages of imperative forms in the context of religious and secular(superior,equal,and inferior);(3)Formal-Power base vs.Informal-Solidarity relationship;(4)Usage of different morphemes with the same meaning(semantically same usages are identified here with the different morphemes).As a result of the usages of religious and secular forms in Sinhalese the different morphological realizations with similar semantic values can be identified.The collection of relevant data from modern Sinhalese usages and text books and the analysis of them are used as the research methodology of this paper.展开更多
The practice of prajnaparamita(gcod in Tibetan)plays a unique role in the process of sinicization of Buddhism.The origin of prajnaparamita reflects the adaptation of the Buddhism in Tibetan in accordance with the circ...The practice of prajnaparamita(gcod in Tibetan)plays a unique role in the process of sinicization of Buddhism.The origin of prajnaparamita reflects the adaptation of the Buddhism in Tibetan in accordance with the circumstances in Tibet.This article,based on the academic research on the birthplace,the dates of birth and death,the parents,and the children,believes that her husband Thoipa Bare(thod pa vbav re in Tibetan)and relatives are native Tibetans,the Buddhist text entitled mahamudra the Object to Cut(nang chos phyag rgya chen mob dud kyi gcod yul in Tibetan)is an authentic Tibetan work.展开更多
文摘After three years of archaeological excavation on Mo'er Temple Site in Kashgar,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,archaeologists have found a massive Buddhist temple complex,and have unearthed a large number of ancient relics,including Buddha statues made of gypsum,bronze coins,pottery,woodware,animal skeleton,grains,and fruit kernels.This article is a preliminary collation and summary for these crucial findings,including the initial establishment,development,evolution,and final abandonment of Mo'er Temple,Mo'er Temple's general layout and its architectural structure,and features of cultural exchange on the Silk Road that Mo'er Temple reflects.These new discoveries prove that Mo'er Temple is a solid evidence of the coexistence and spread of multiple religions in Xinjiang in the history.It demonstrates that Chinese civilization is both unified and diverse,inclusive and understanding;and may serve great importance to researches and studies on the evolutionary history of religions in Xinjiang.
基金supported by the funding of program name“The Research of East Asian and Chinese Religion”(东亚与中国宗教研究).Project No.22JJD730002.
文摘The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Chan School,is interpreted by the beautiful natural scenery,therefore it is closely related to the tourism from the ancient time.However,this link is to defend Buddhist tourism,which is inevitably criticized,since the secularization of sacred Buddhism,though Buddhist tourism is beneficial for life,society,economy,and Buddhism itself.But this sort of criticism is a misunderstanding of Chinese Buddhism since that Chinese Buddhism absorbs Zhuang Zi’s thought that“the ultimate truth(道)is in shit(屎尿)”1,so that it purports to the sacred dimension which is overlapped by the secular aspect.For example,the short poems composed by masters in Chan School“The Buddhist dharma is in this world,so that the enlightenment could not be realized outside of the human world”,“where there is bamboo and flower,there is dharma and prajna”,are the best way to express this kind of divine concept,moreover,Buddhist tourism is an effective practice to allocate this divine connotation.
文摘Sinhalese language(one of the national languages spoken in Sri Lanka)and culture have a long and continuous history,ingrained traditions,and highly differentiated social norms.The Sinhalese Buddhist community of Sri Lanka is broadly categorized into two groups,secular/layman(ɡṛhasthə>ɡihi)and mendicant/clergy(prəvrajitə>pævidi).According to this situation,the Sinhalese language depicts very significant usages among Indo-Aryan languages.Buddhism is the main factor for this differentiation.This paper mainly focused on the religious terms and their usages in Sinhalese.These terms show the hierarchical structure of the common Sri Lankan society,especially among layman and clergy.Some characteristic features which have been taken into account in this research paper are as follows:(1)Layman and clergy usages of Sinhalese(Separate set of nouns and verbs which are used to represent the clergy and secular in Sinhalese);(2)The hierarchical structure of usages of imperative forms in the context of religious and secular(superior,equal,and inferior);(3)Formal-Power base vs.Informal-Solidarity relationship;(4)Usage of different morphemes with the same meaning(semantically same usages are identified here with the different morphemes).As a result of the usages of religious and secular forms in Sinhalese the different morphological realizations with similar semantic values can be identified.The collection of relevant data from modern Sinhalese usages and text books and the analysis of them are used as the research methodology of this paper.
文摘The practice of prajnaparamita(gcod in Tibetan)plays a unique role in the process of sinicization of Buddhism.The origin of prajnaparamita reflects the adaptation of the Buddhism in Tibetan in accordance with the circumstances in Tibet.This article,based on the academic research on the birthplace,the dates of birth and death,the parents,and the children,believes that her husband Thoipa Bare(thod pa vbav re in Tibetan)and relatives are native Tibetans,the Buddhist text entitled mahamudra the Object to Cut(nang chos phyag rgya chen mob dud kyi gcod yul in Tibetan)is an authentic Tibetan work.
