As the advancement of driverless technology,together with information and communication technology moved at a fast pace,autonomous vehicles have attracted great attention from both industries and academic sectors duri...As the advancement of driverless technology,together with information and communication technology moved at a fast pace,autonomous vehicles have attracted great attention from both industries and academic sectors during the past decades.It is evident that this emerging technology has great potential to improve the pedestrian safety on roads,mitigate traffic congestion,increase fuel efficiency,and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.However,there is limited systematic research into the applications and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation.The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesise and analyse existing research on the applications,implications,and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system.It is found that autonomous vehicles are the future of road transportation and that the negative perception of humans is rapidly changing towards autonomous vehicles.Moreover,to fully deploy autonomous vehicles in a road transportation system,the existing road transportation infrastructure needs significant improvement.This systematic literature review contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of autonomous vehicles and will assist transportation researchers and urban planners to understand the fundamental and conceptual framework of autonomous vehicle technologies in road transportation systems.展开更多
The mobility landscape is experiencing major changes due to two emerging transportation trends,autonomous vehicles(AVs)and on-demand transportation,and the convergence of these smart mobility innovations as shared aut...The mobility landscape is experiencing major changes due to two emerging transportation trends,autonomous vehicles(AVs)and on-demand transportation,and the convergence of these smart mobility innovations as shared autonomous vehicles(SAVs)can considerably alter travel behavior and consequently the ecological and societal aspects of the transportation sector.On-demand autonomous mobility is a promising transportation mode,but further research is necessary to evaluate its various aspects and implications prior to widespread adoption.Thus,this study investigates the effects of integrating automation and on-demand mobility by analyzing the effects on the environment,public transportation,land use,vehicle ownership,and public acceptance.A comprehensive literature review was performed,and through a detailed review of 210 articles,the impacts of each of these categories were determined and classified according to their causes,and the number of publications with which they were cited in the literature was determined.The review showed that SAVs can either positively or negatively impact categories and have the potential to minimize mobility obstacles and transportation inequity if legislators use technology to develop a better transportation system by initiating effective policies that govern the four impacted areas.A list of 22 policy recommendations designed to avoid the negative consequences of SAVs by maximizing the benefits of the technology while limiting the associated risks was also identified.The findings of this review will be beneficial to AV manufacturers,transportation professionals,and especially policymakers,who play an integral role in shaping how society benefits from SAV technology.展开更多
New approaches for testing of autonomous driving functions are using Virtual Reality (VR) to analyze the behavior of automated vehicles in various scenarios. The real time simulation of the environment sensors is stil...New approaches for testing of autonomous driving functions are using Virtual Reality (VR) to analyze the behavior of automated vehicles in various scenarios. The real time simulation of the environment sensors is still a challenge. In this paper, the conception, development and validation of an automotive radar raw data sensor model is shown. For the implementation, the Unreal VR engine developed by Epic Games is used. The model consists of a sending antenna, a propagation and a receiving antenna model. The microwave field propagation is simulated by a raytracing approach. It uses the method of shooting and bouncing rays to cover the field. A diffused scattering model is implemented to simulate the influence of rough structures on the reflection of rays. To parameterize the model, simple reflectors are used. The validation is done by a comparison of the measured radar patterns of pedestrians and cyclists with simulated values. The outcome is that the developed model shows valid results, even if it still has deficits in the context of performance. It shows that the bouncing of diffuse scattered field can only be done once. This produces inadequacies in some scenarios. In summary, the paper shows a high potential for real time simulation of radar sensors by using ray tracing in a virtual reality.展开更多
This article focuses on how urban street design will need to respond to changes in mobility, new types of vehicles using the roads, and currently unmet functional needs. Infrastructure typically lasts a generation, so...This article focuses on how urban street design will need to respond to changes in mobility, new types of vehicles using the roads, and currently unmet functional needs. Infrastructure typically lasts a generation, so it must be built anticipating future needs. However, despite widespread agreement that the types of vehicles using roadways and patterns of usage are likely to change, design standards rooted in the past continue to guide the process of creating streets in China. The article begins with an understanding of current deficiencies of streets, and a prognosis of how the mobility system is likely to evolve. Based on this, it suggests new patterns for streets of the future.展开更多
Recently, virtual realities and simulations play important roles in the development of automated driving functionalities. By an appropriate abstraction, they help to design, investigate and communicate real traffic sc...Recently, virtual realities and simulations play important roles in the development of automated driving functionalities. By an appropriate abstraction, they help to design, investigate and communicate real traffic scenario complexity. Especially, for edge cases investigations of interactions between vulnerable road users (VRU) and highly automated driving functions, valid virtual models are essential for the quality of results. The aim of this study is to measure, process and integrate real human movement behaviour into a virtual test environment for highly automated vehicle functionalities. The overall system consists of a georeferenced virtual city model and a vehicle dynamics model, including probabilistic sensor descriptions. By motion capture hardware, real humanoid behaviour is applied to a virtual human avatar in the test environment. Through retargeting methods, which enable the independency of avatar and person under test (PuT) dimensions, the virtual avatar diversity is increased. To verify the biomechanical behaviour of the virtual avatars, a qualitative study is performed, which funds on a representative movement sequence. The results confirm the functionality of the used methodology and enable PuT independence control of the virtual avatars in real-time.展开更多
Fast urbanization and climate change require innovative systems for an efficient movement of people and goods in cities.As trends towards vehicle-sharing,autonomous vehicles,and the use of micro-mobility systems gain ...Fast urbanization and climate change require innovative systems for an efficient movement of people and goods in cities.As trends towards vehicle-sharing,autonomous vehicles,and the use of micro-mobility systems gain strength,the intersection of these fields appears as an area of great opportunity.Autonomy could potentially bring the convenience of on-demand mobility into already prevalent shared micro-mobility systems(SMMS),increasing their efficiency and incentivizing more people to use active mobility modes.The novelty of introducing autonomous driving technology into SMMS and their inherent complexity requires tools to assess and quantify the potential impact of autonomy on fleet performance and user experience.This paper presents an ad-hoc agentbased simulator for the assessment of the fleet behavior of autonomous SMMS in realistic scenarios,including a rebalancing system based on demand prediction.It also allows comparing its performance to station-based and dockless schemes.The proposed simulation framework is highly configurable and flexible and works with high resolution and precision geospatial data.The results of studies carried out with this simulation tool could provide valuable insights for many stakeholders,including vehicle design engineers,fleet operators,city planners,and governments.展开更多
As society faces global challenges such as population growth and climate change,rethinking cities is now more imperative than ever.The design of cities can not be abstracted from the design of their mobility systems.T...As society faces global challenges such as population growth and climate change,rethinking cities is now more imperative than ever.The design of cities can not be abstracted from the design of their mobility systems.Therefore,efficient solutions must be found to transport people and goods throughout the city efficiently and ecologically.An autonomous bicycle-sharing system would combine the most relevant benefits of vehicle-sharing,autonomy,and micro-mobility,increasing the efficiency and convenience of bicycle-sharing systems and incentivizing more people to bike and enjoy their cities in an environmentally friendly way.Due to the novelty of introducing autonomous driving technology into bicycle-sharing systems and their inherent complexity,there is a need to quantify the potential impact of autonomy on fleet performance and user experience.This paper presents the results of an agent-based simulation that provides an in-depth understanding of the fleet behavior of autonomous bicycle-sharing systems in realistic scenarios,including a rebalancing system based on demand prediction.In addition,this work describes the impact of different parameters on system efficiency and service quality.Finally,it quantifies the extent to which an autonomous system would outperform current station-based and dockless bicycle-sharing schemes.The obtained results show that with a fleet size three and a half times smaller than a station-based system and eight times smaller than a dockless system,an autonomous system can improve overall performance and user experience even with no rebalancing.展开更多
Autonomous vehicles have been envisioned for more than 100 years.One of the first suggestions was a front cover of Scientific America back in 1916.Today,it is possible to get cars that drive autonomously for extended ...Autonomous vehicles have been envisioned for more than 100 years.One of the first suggestions was a front cover of Scientific America back in 1916.Today,it is possible to get cars that drive autonomously for extended distances.We are also starting to see micro-mobility solutions,such as the Nuro vehicles for pizza delivery.Building autonomous cars that can operate in urban environments with a diverse set of road-users is far from trivial.Early 2018 the Contextual Robotics Institute at UC San Diego launched an effort to build a full stack autonomous vehicle for micro-mobility.The motivations were diverse:i)development of a system for operation in an environment with many pedestrians,ii)design of a system that does not rely on dense maps(or HD-maps as they are sometimes named),iii)design strategies to build truly robust systems,and iv)a framework to educate next-generation engineers.In this paper,we present the research effort of design,prototyping,and evaluation of such a vehicle.From the evaluation,several research directions are explored to account for shortcomings.Lessons and issues for future work are additionally drawn from this work.展开更多
文摘As the advancement of driverless technology,together with information and communication technology moved at a fast pace,autonomous vehicles have attracted great attention from both industries and academic sectors during the past decades.It is evident that this emerging technology has great potential to improve the pedestrian safety on roads,mitigate traffic congestion,increase fuel efficiency,and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.However,there is limited systematic research into the applications and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation.The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesise and analyse existing research on the applications,implications,and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system.It is found that autonomous vehicles are the future of road transportation and that the negative perception of humans is rapidly changing towards autonomous vehicles.Moreover,to fully deploy autonomous vehicles in a road transportation system,the existing road transportation infrastructure needs significant improvement.This systematic literature review contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of autonomous vehicles and will assist transportation researchers and urban planners to understand the fundamental and conceptual framework of autonomous vehicle technologies in road transportation systems.
文摘The mobility landscape is experiencing major changes due to two emerging transportation trends,autonomous vehicles(AVs)and on-demand transportation,and the convergence of these smart mobility innovations as shared autonomous vehicles(SAVs)can considerably alter travel behavior and consequently the ecological and societal aspects of the transportation sector.On-demand autonomous mobility is a promising transportation mode,but further research is necessary to evaluate its various aspects and implications prior to widespread adoption.Thus,this study investigates the effects of integrating automation and on-demand mobility by analyzing the effects on the environment,public transportation,land use,vehicle ownership,and public acceptance.A comprehensive literature review was performed,and through a detailed review of 210 articles,the impacts of each of these categories were determined and classified according to their causes,and the number of publications with which they were cited in the literature was determined.The review showed that SAVs can either positively or negatively impact categories and have the potential to minimize mobility obstacles and transportation inequity if legislators use technology to develop a better transportation system by initiating effective policies that govern the four impacted areas.A list of 22 policy recommendations designed to avoid the negative consequences of SAVs by maximizing the benefits of the technology while limiting the associated risks was also identified.The findings of this review will be beneficial to AV manufacturers,transportation professionals,and especially policymakers,who play an integral role in shaping how society benefits from SAV technology.
文摘New approaches for testing of autonomous driving functions are using Virtual Reality (VR) to analyze the behavior of automated vehicles in various scenarios. The real time simulation of the environment sensors is still a challenge. In this paper, the conception, development and validation of an automotive radar raw data sensor model is shown. For the implementation, the Unreal VR engine developed by Epic Games is used. The model consists of a sending antenna, a propagation and a receiving antenna model. The microwave field propagation is simulated by a raytracing approach. It uses the method of shooting and bouncing rays to cover the field. A diffused scattering model is implemented to simulate the influence of rough structures on the reflection of rays. To parameterize the model, simple reflectors are used. The validation is done by a comparison of the measured radar patterns of pedestrians and cyclists with simulated values. The outcome is that the developed model shows valid results, even if it still has deficits in the context of performance. It shows that the bouncing of diffuse scattered field can only be done once. This produces inadequacies in some scenarios. In summary, the paper shows a high potential for real time simulation of radar sensors by using ray tracing in a virtual reality.
文摘This article focuses on how urban street design will need to respond to changes in mobility, new types of vehicles using the roads, and currently unmet functional needs. Infrastructure typically lasts a generation, so it must be built anticipating future needs. However, despite widespread agreement that the types of vehicles using roadways and patterns of usage are likely to change, design standards rooted in the past continue to guide the process of creating streets in China. The article begins with an understanding of current deficiencies of streets, and a prognosis of how the mobility system is likely to evolve. Based on this, it suggests new patterns for streets of the future.
文摘Recently, virtual realities and simulations play important roles in the development of automated driving functionalities. By an appropriate abstraction, they help to design, investigate and communicate real traffic scenario complexity. Especially, for edge cases investigations of interactions between vulnerable road users (VRU) and highly automated driving functions, valid virtual models are essential for the quality of results. The aim of this study is to measure, process and integrate real human movement behaviour into a virtual test environment for highly automated vehicle functionalities. The overall system consists of a georeferenced virtual city model and a vehicle dynamics model, including probabilistic sensor descriptions. By motion capture hardware, real humanoid behaviour is applied to a virtual human avatar in the test environment. Through retargeting methods, which enable the independency of avatar and person under test (PuT) dimensions, the virtual avatar diversity is increased. To verify the biomechanical behaviour of the virtual avatars, a qualitative study is performed, which funds on a representative movement sequence. The results confirm the functionality of the used methodology and enable PuT independence control of the virtual avatars in real-time.
文摘Fast urbanization and climate change require innovative systems for an efficient movement of people and goods in cities.As trends towards vehicle-sharing,autonomous vehicles,and the use of micro-mobility systems gain strength,the intersection of these fields appears as an area of great opportunity.Autonomy could potentially bring the convenience of on-demand mobility into already prevalent shared micro-mobility systems(SMMS),increasing their efficiency and incentivizing more people to use active mobility modes.The novelty of introducing autonomous driving technology into SMMS and their inherent complexity requires tools to assess and quantify the potential impact of autonomy on fleet performance and user experience.This paper presents an ad-hoc agentbased simulator for the assessment of the fleet behavior of autonomous SMMS in realistic scenarios,including a rebalancing system based on demand prediction.It also allows comparing its performance to station-based and dockless schemes.The proposed simulation framework is highly configurable and flexible and works with high resolution and precision geospatial data.The results of studies carried out with this simulation tool could provide valuable insights for many stakeholders,including vehicle design engineers,fleet operators,city planners,and governments.
文摘As society faces global challenges such as population growth and climate change,rethinking cities is now more imperative than ever.The design of cities can not be abstracted from the design of their mobility systems.Therefore,efficient solutions must be found to transport people and goods throughout the city efficiently and ecologically.An autonomous bicycle-sharing system would combine the most relevant benefits of vehicle-sharing,autonomy,and micro-mobility,increasing the efficiency and convenience of bicycle-sharing systems and incentivizing more people to bike and enjoy their cities in an environmentally friendly way.Due to the novelty of introducing autonomous driving technology into bicycle-sharing systems and their inherent complexity,there is a need to quantify the potential impact of autonomy on fleet performance and user experience.This paper presents the results of an agent-based simulation that provides an in-depth understanding of the fleet behavior of autonomous bicycle-sharing systems in realistic scenarios,including a rebalancing system based on demand prediction.In addition,this work describes the impact of different parameters on system efficiency and service quality.Finally,it quantifies the extent to which an autonomous system would outperform current station-based and dockless bicycle-sharing schemes.The obtained results show that with a fleet size three and a half times smaller than a station-based system and eight times smaller than a dockless system,an autonomous system can improve overall performance and user experience even with no rebalancing.
基金The effort has been funded by UC San Diego through the Contextual Robotics Institute with support from Qualcomm.
文摘Autonomous vehicles have been envisioned for more than 100 years.One of the first suggestions was a front cover of Scientific America back in 1916.Today,it is possible to get cars that drive autonomously for extended distances.We are also starting to see micro-mobility solutions,such as the Nuro vehicles for pizza delivery.Building autonomous cars that can operate in urban environments with a diverse set of road-users is far from trivial.Early 2018 the Contextual Robotics Institute at UC San Diego launched an effort to build a full stack autonomous vehicle for micro-mobility.The motivations were diverse:i)development of a system for operation in an environment with many pedestrians,ii)design of a system that does not rely on dense maps(or HD-maps as they are sometimes named),iii)design strategies to build truly robust systems,and iv)a framework to educate next-generation engineers.In this paper,we present the research effort of design,prototyping,and evaluation of such a vehicle.From the evaluation,several research directions are explored to account for shortcomings.Lessons and issues for future work are additionally drawn from this work.
